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All Journal Jurnal Biologi Tropis
Baiq Tasyfa Hasya Auliya Tsaniya
Universitas Mataram
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology

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HIV-Associated Dementia: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management – A Literature Review Baiq Tasyfa Hasya Auliya Tsaniya; Fidelya Fitria Hakim; I Wayan Putra Kesumantara; Sheilla Ninditya Putri; Herpan S. Harahap
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 26 No. 4 (2026): in Progress
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v26i4.12950

Abstract

HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), characterized by significant cognitive impairment and decline in daily functioning. Despite the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), neurocognitive impairment remains an important clinical challenge among people living with HIV. This review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, and management of HIV-associated dementia. The study was conducted using a literature review method by examining relevant scientific articles and publications discussing HIV-associated dementia and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The findings indicate that HIV enters the central nervous system through the Trojan horse mechanism, infects microglia and macrophages, and induces chronic neuroinflammation, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Major risk factors include severe immunosuppression, advanced age, comorbidities, and social determinants. Diagnosis is established based on the Frascati criteria and supported by cognitive screening instruments. Antiretroviral therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment and may be complemented by cognitive rehabilitation and psychosocial support. In conclusion, HAD is a complex neurocognitive complication of HIV infection that continues to affect patients despite advances in ART. Early detection and multidisciplinary management are essential to preserve cognitive function and improve quality of life. Further studies are recommended to improve early screening strategies and develop more effective interventions for HIV-associated cognitive impairment.
Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management Huriyah Nabilah Zhahirah; Azka Fadila Latifa; Muhammad Fatih Ma'ruf; Novad Sawelly; Annisa Fitria Zahra AS; Fidelya Fitria Hakim; I Wayan Putra Kesumantara Wiguna; Sheilla Ninditya Putri; Baiq Tasyfa Hasya Auliya Tsaniya; Firman Khalif Yuwono; Maratun Shulha; Siti Fadilah
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 26 No. 4 (2026): in Progress
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v26i4.13267

Abstract

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a primary bone tumor generally classified as benign but characterized by locally aggressive behavior, progressive bone destruction, functional impairment, pathological fractures, and a risk of recurrence. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of GCTB by integrating its epidemiological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. This study employed a literature review design using relevant scientific literature from journal articles, reviews, books, and other scientific sources. The findings indicate that the biological behavior of GCTB is closely associated with neoplastic stromal cells, molecular alterations involving H3F3A, and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) pathway, which promotes osteoclast-like giant cell formation and osteolytic bone destruction. Diagnosis requires the integration of clinical findings, radiological evaluation, histopathological examination, and molecular approaches in selected cases. Management strategies should be tailored to lesion characteristics and may include intralesional curettage, en bloc resection, and denosumab therapy, particularly for unresectable, recurrent, metastatic, or surgically challenging cases. This review highlights the interconnected relationship between the molecular basis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of GCTB, providing an integrated perspective that may support appropriate tumor control while preserving patient function and potentially reducing the burden associated with recurrence and repeated interventions.
Co-Authors Annisa Fitria Zahra AS Azka Fadila Latifa Fidelya Fitria Hakim Firman Khalif Yuwono Herpan S. Harahap Huriyah Nabilah Zhahirah I Wayan Putra Kesumantara I Wayan Putra Kesumantara Wiguna Maratun Shulha Muhammad Fatih Ma'ruf Novad Sawelly Sheilla Ninditya Putri Siti Fadilah