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Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry

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Extraction and characterization of fulvic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches Firda Dimawarnita; Khairy Yunda Maharani; Sutanto Sutanto; Yora Faramitha; Donny Nugraha Kalbuadi; Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.669

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) contain 27.78% lignin, which can serve as an alternative source of renewable fulvic acid, alongside soil and coal. This study aims to conduct the fulvic acid extraction process using a microwave extractor. The extraction process was carried out using H2O2 solvents with concentrations of 18, 21, and 24% and various sample types (OPEFB, shilajit, and commercial fulvic acid fertilizer), with three repetitions. The resulting liquid fulvic acid extract was then made into powder using freeze-drying. Quantitative testing was conducted using the spectrophotometric method, while qualitative testing employed Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR), spectrofluorometry, a CHN analyzer, and Thermogravimetric Analysis - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The results showed that the best solvent concentration for the fulvic acid extraction process was H2O2, 21% of the total in the OPEFB sample. The highest fulvic acid content was found in the OPEFB sample at 23.59%; in the shilajit sample, it was 9.62%, and in the commercial fulvic acid fertilizer sample, it was 6.97%. The characterization results from spectrophotometric analysis, elemental analysis, and TGA-DSC analysis showed the potential of fulvic acid in the OPEFB sample, as it exhibited similarities with the analysis results of commercial fulvic acid (shilajit & commercial fulvic acid fertilizer).
Techno-economic analysis and scale-up process simulation of compost production from OPEFB using rapid decomposition system (RDS) technology with SuperPro Designer® Silva Latisya; Firda Dimawarnita; Yora Faramitha; Mujahidah Kamilah; Serarifi Elagin Harahap; Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 93 No. 2 (2025): 93(2), 2025
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v93i2.677

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are biomass waste from oil palm mills (POM) that are abundant and potential as feedstock for compost. However, the conventional composting process for OPEFB is time-consuming and inefficient. A Rapid Decomposition System (RDS) technology has been developed to accelerate the decomposition of OPEFB into compost, utilising microorganisms that produce ligninolytic and cellulase enzymes. RDS combines chemical delignification (using H₂O₂) and biological processes simultaneously, which significantly reduces the composting period (generally 2–3 months to only about 45 h per batch), while also producing valuable by-products such as fulvic acid and growth stimulating hormone (GSH). The system can reduce OPEFB volume, thereby improving efficiency and sustainability. This study aims to simulate the scale-up of the RDS compost production process from OPEFB and financial feasibility. A simulation production of 5 kg of RDS compost at a larger scale (scale-up) using SuperPro Designer® software has been conducted. The results showed that 100 kg of OPEFB could produce 32.67 kg of RDS compost with a process time of 45.01 hours per batch. The financial scenario, which covers the main product (compost) and by-products (GSH and fulvic acid), yields a gross margin of 55%, a return on investment (ROI) of 68.67%, and a payback period of 1.46 years. The techno-economic feasibility analysis yielded an internal rate of return (IRR) of 41.08% and a nett present value (NPV) of $24,743,000, indicating that this technology is feasible and profitable for scaling up to industrial scale.
Co-Authors Donny Nugraha Kalbuadi Firda Dimawarnita Firda Dimawarnita Khairy Yunda Maharani Mujahidah Kamilah Serarifi Elagin Harahap Silva Latisya Sutanto Sutanto Yora Faramitha Yora Faramitha