<![CDATA[The evolving nature of global and national threats from conventional warfare to asymmetric and protracted conflicts demands strategic innovation in national defense and security systems. Papua’s highlands, with their extreme terrain and persistent separatist threats, require a multidimensional approach. As Indonesia's core institutions for defense and security, the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the National Police (Polri) must collaborate adaptively to confront these modern challenges. This study aims to analyze how drone technology can be operationalized collaboratively between TNI and Polri to enhance response effectiveness to asymmetric threats. Theoretical foundations include Kenneth Waltz’s theory of defense, Colin S. Gray’s strategy framework (Ends–Ways–Means–Enemy), Yusuf’s theory of institutional synergy (2015), and Lele’s concept of asymmetric warfare (2014). This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach, combining literature review and interviews with stakeholders from TNI, Polri, and academia. Findings indicate that drones offer key advantages in early warning, aerial surveillance, and data-driven decision-making in real time. The integration of drones in a collaborative TNI–Polri strategy significantly increases operational efficiency in challenging environments. However, several challenges remain, such as the limited number of certified operators, differences in standard operating procedures (SOP), and the absence of a permanent joint command structure. This study recommends the establishment of a joint TNI–Polri drone management body, development of interoperable systems, cross-agency training programs, and the incorporation of drone technology into national defense policy. In conclusion, drones are not merely technical tools but strategic instruments in the modernization of Indonesia’s collaborative defense posture. The TNI–Polri synergy through drone deployment in Papua could serve as a model for future national security strategies grounded in technological integration.]]>
