Nils Bubandt
University of Aarhus

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Conspiracy Theories, Apocalyptic Narratives and the Discursive Construction of ‘the Violence in Maluku’ Nils Bubandt
Antropologi Indonesia No 63 (2000): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

Dalam mengulas kekerasan di Maluku, penjelasan-penjelasan yang beredar di media cetak dan eletronik cenderung memfokus pada upaya pelaku-pelaku politik nasional dan regional dalam melakukan pemanipulasian dan penghasutan untuk melakukan kekerasan. Teori-teori ini, yang disebut penulisnya dengan 'instrumentalis' (instrumentalist), menyarankan bahwa kekerasan di Maluku dipandang sebagai hasil dari 'instrumen' permainan dan tipu daya politik. Motif-motif untuk menghasut atau memulai terjadinya kekerasan di Maluku dideskripsikan secara beragam sebagai megalomaniak politik atau keserakahan ekonomi. Membongkar dimensi ini, yang disebut dengan 'organisasi politik', merupakan tugas yang amat penting. Akan tetapi teori 'instrumentalis', menurut penulisnya, tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa kekerasan di Maluku Utara dan Maluku Tengah berlanjut hingga lebih dari dua tahun, dan mengapa kekerasan berakar serta bertahan di tingkat lokal. Penjelasan itu dinilainya mempertahankan pandangan yang elitis tentang tindakan sosial, serta gagasan yang disederhanakan tentang kekuasaan. Penulis mengajukan sudut pandang yang lain, yakni suatu pendekatan 'dari bawah' yang memandang proses dikodifikasikannya konflik itu dalam narasi setempat sebagai sesuatu yang 'agamawi' (religious) setelah awal tahun 1999. Secara khusus, penulisnya memfokuspada salah satu narasi, yakni narasi 'millenarian'. Dalam narasi ini, dibayangkan terjadinya pertarungan besar-besaran (an up-coming apocalyptic battle) antara umat Kristen dan Islam sebagai tanda tibanya dunia kiamat. Penulis berargumentasi bahwa narasi itu berperanan dalam mempertahankan terjadinya kekerasan di Maluku Tengah dan Utara, karena ia membakar dan sebaliknya, diperkaya oleh nada yang konspiratif dari banyak laporan media massa tentang kekerasan. Walau didorong oleh imajinasi politik yang berbeda, penjelasan instrumentalis dan gagasan tentang 'millenarian' itu memiliki kesamaan nada bersifat konspirasi. Kedua narasi itu saling menyuburkan dan keduanya, menjadi pelaku dalam 'kerusuhan Maluku'.
Di Pinggir Konflik: Kekerasan, Politik dan Kehidupan Sehari-hari di Indonesia Bagian Timur Nils Bubandt; Andrea Molnar
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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"Konflik-konflik berdarah yang menyertai Indonesia setelah jatuhnya Orde Baru cenderung terjadi di Indonesia bagian Timur, dengan pengecualian daerah Aceh. Saat ini banyak analisis akademis, baik dalam bahasa Indonesia maupun Inggris yang telah mulai menguraikan aspek-aspek politis, sosial dan diskursif dari konflik-konflik di Timor Timur, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Poso, Kalimantan dan Papua. Penelitian-penelitian ini telah mulai meninggalkan penelaahan-penelaahan yang terlalu sederhana dan kerap sarat bias yang muncul segera setelah terjadinya konflik. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut mulai memberikan gambaran tentang konteks etnografis yang lengkap dan lebih rumit dari 'perang di Indonesia bagian Timur'. Gambaran ini memperlihatkan tercampur baurnya provokasi politik, ketegangan ekonomi, provokasi diskursif, dan adaptasi buletin lokal terhadap bentuk-bentuk identifikasi berdasarkan agama suku bangsa yang memberikan dorongan dan motif berbeda untuk ikut serta dalam setiap kerusuhan individual yang bergejolak di berbagai wilayah Indonesia Timur setelah tahun 1999. Walaupun setiap bentrokan/pertikaian (bahkan dalam satu wilayah konflik seperti Maluku atau Poso) seringkali bersifat unik secara politis dan pengalaman, mereka saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Setiap kerusuhan memupuk berkembangnya perasaan paranoia nasional yang disebarluaskan oleh media. Dalam prosesnya,setiap pertikaian/bentrokan menaburkan bibit-bibit kekerasan di tempat lainnya."
Menuju Sebuah Politik Tradisi Yang Baru? Desentralisasi, Konflik, dan Adat di Wilayah Indonesia Timur Nils Bubandt
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

The intention of this article is to discuss the relationship between the processes of fiscal and political decentralization, the outbreak of communal violence, and what I call 'the new politics of tradition' in Indonesia. In 1999 under the President Jusuf Habibie, the Indonesian parliament (DPR) voted in favour of two laws, No. 22 and 25 of 1999, which promised to leave a significant share of state revenues in the hands of the regional governments. Strongly supported by the liberal ideologues of the IMF and the World Bank, the two laws were envisaged within Indonesia as a necessary step towards devolving the centralized power of New Order patrimonialism and as a way of curbing separatism and demands for autonomy by giving the regional governments the constitutional and financial wherewithal to maintain a considerable degree of self-determination. Decentralization was in other words touted as the anti-dote to communal violence and separatist tendencies-an anti-dote administered or at least prescribed by multi-national development agencies in most conflict-prone areas of the world. This paper wishes to probe this idea by looking at the conflict and post-conflict situation in North Maluku. The conflict illustrates how local elites began jockeying for political control in anticipation of decentralization. The process of decentralization is in other words not merely an anti-dote but in some cases an implicated part in the production of violence. One reason for this is simply that the decentralization of financial and political control after three decades of centralization entails a significant shift in the parameters of hegemony-a shift towards which local political entrepreneurs in the regions are bound to react. The new 'politics of tradition' currently emerging in Indonesia is the combined result of changes in global forms of governance, a strong political focus on ethnic and religious identity in the 'era reformasi' and a local willingness to employ these identities to garner support in the new political landscape of decentralization.
Towards a New Politics of Tradition? Decentralisation, Conflict, and Adat in Eastern Indonesia Nils Bubandt
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia (english edition)
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

The intention of this article is to discuss the relationship between the processes of fiscal and political decentralization, the outbreak of communal violence, and what I call 'the new politics of tradition' in Indonesia. In 1999 under the President Jusuf Habibie, the Indonesian parliament (DPR) voted in favour of two laws, No. 22 and 25 of 1999, which promised to leave a significant share of state revenues in the hands of the regional governments. Strongly supported by the liberal ideologues of the IMF and the World Bank, the two laws were envisaged within Indonesia as a necessary step towards devolving the centralized power of New Order patrimonialism and as a way of curbing separatism and demands for autonomy by giving the regional governments the constitutional and financial wherewithal to maintain a considerable degree of self-determination. Decentralization was in other words touted as the anti-dote to communal violence and separatist tendencies-an anti-dote administered or at least prescribed by multi-national development agencies in most conflict-prone areas of the world. This paper wishes to probe this idea by looking at the conflict and post-conflict situation in North Maluku. The conflict illustrates how local elites began jockeying for political control in anticipation of decentralization. The process of decentralization is in other words not merely an anti-dote but in some cases an implicated part in the production of violence. One reason for this is simply that the decentralization of financial and political control after three decades of centralization entails a significant shift in the parameters of hegemony-a shift towards which local political entrepreneurs in the regions are bound to react. The new 'politics of tradition' currently emerging in Indonesia is the combined result of changes in global forms of governance, a strong political focus on ethnic and religious identity in the 'era reformasi' and a local willingness to employ these identities to garner support in the new political landscape of decentralization.