Article Per Year (5 Year)
p-Index From 2021 - 2026
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This Author published in this journals
All Journal Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities
Fuad Azmi
Padjadjaran University
Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Bandung City's Parallel Diplomacy in Marketing MSMEs Through the Little Bandung Program in Petaling Jaya Intan Agatha Ramdan; Fuad Azmi
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i2.2989

Abstract

This article discusses the parallel diplomacy practiced by the Bandung City Government through the Little Bandung Program as a marketing strategy for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) at the international level. The background of this research stems from the increasing role of subnational actors in international relations and the need for local governments to expand market access for MSMEs as drivers of the local economy. This study aims to analyze how parallel diplomacy is implemented by the Bandung City Government in the Little Bandung program and the role of MSMEs as societal actors supporting subnational diplomacy. This study uses a qualitative approach through the collection of primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data through document studies and relevant literature. The results show that Little Bandung is a practice of parallel diplomacy that is autonomous, based on regional needs, and carried out through cross-actor collaboration, including the city government, MSMEs, foreign partners, and the diaspora community. MSMEs not only play a role as objects of promotion but are also actively involved in cross-cultural interactions and the formation of international economic networks. This study concludes that MSME-based parallel diplomacy can be a strategic instrument for local governments to promote the internationalization of the local economy and enrich the study of subnational diplomacy in International Relations studies.
Parallel Diplomacy of the City of Solo for Regional Culture Preservation through Solo International Performing Arts (SIPA) Ayuningtyas Khairunnisa; Fuad Azmi
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i2.3038

Abstract

This study analyzes the parallel diplomacy practices of Solo City in preserving regional culture through the implementation of Solo International Performing Arts (SIPA) for the 2021-2025 period. The main issues examined are the suboptimal parallel diplomacy framework, declining interest of the younger generation in traditional arts, and minimal follow-up on international cooperation after the event. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through semi-structured interviews with the Director of SIPA and officials from the Solo City Tourism, Youth, and Sports Agency, direct observation at SIPA 2025, and a study of official documents from the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy and the Solo City Government. The results of the study show that the Solo City Government acts as an autonomous initiator, facilitator, and coordinator in SIPA without explicit direction from the central government, fulfilling the characteristics of parallel diplomacy through subnational initiatives, cross-actor involvement, and an orientation towards preserving the local identity of "The Spirit of Java". Analysis using Brian Hocking's framework reveals that Solo has the capacity to act through independent decision-making, the capability to manage through managing relations with an average of 8-10 participating countries annually, and the capacity to promote through a multi-platform strategy that increases tourist visits by 12 percent per year. The study concludes that SIPA has succeeded in creating a foundation for cultural preservation with a 40 percent increase in youth participation and the regeneration of artists, despite still facing challenges in program sustainability and the institutionalization of systematic follow-up mechanisms.
Cimahi’s Parallel Diplomacy in Developing Cultural Tourism in Kampung Adat Cireundeu Mayra Zahabiya Zahra; Fuad Azmi
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i3.3113

Abstract

This article examines how parallel diplomacy is practiced by the Cimahi City Government in developing tourism in Kampung Adat Cireundeu, a traditional village in West Java. In contemporary international relations, subnational actors and local communities increasingly engage in international activities to pursue their regional interests. Despite its cultural potential, tourism development in Kampung Adat Cireundeu still faces challenges related to promotion and limited international exposure. This research aims to analyze the forms of parallel diplomacy and to examine the roles of governmental and societal actors in supporting tourism development. The research employs a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with 6 key informants from government officials, indigenous community members, tourism actors, and visitors, supported by document analysis and digital research. The findings show that parallel diplomacy in Cimahi remains at an early stage and mainly occurs through exploratory interactions rather than formal international cooperation. Meanwhile, the indigenous community of Kampung Adat Cireundeu facilitates international interaction through cultural tourism activities, highlighting the importance of collaboration between local governments and community actors. These findings imply the need for stronger institutional support and strategic collaboration to enhance international exposure and sustainable tourism development.
Co-Authors Ayuningtyas Khairunnisa Intan Agatha Ramdan Mayra Zahabiya Zahra