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M. Mustofah Bisri
Universitas Islam Indonesia
Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Critical Oil Infrastructure as Dual-Use Objects: Reinterpreting Civilian Protection Under International Humanitarian Law in the United States–Iran Conflict Imelda Rahma Subandi; M. Mustofah Bisri
Forschungsforum Law Journal Vol 3 No 03 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum |Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35586/flj.v3i03.15551

Abstract

This article examines the legal status of critical oil infrastructure as dual-use objects under international humanitarian law (IHL) and evaluates the adequacy of existing civilian protection frameworks in the context of the United States–Iran conflict. Employing normative legal research with statute and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the application of the principle of distinction under Articles 48 and 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. The findings reveal that oil refineries, export terminals, pipeline networks, storage facilities, and offshore oil facilities cannot be classified as military objectives merely based on strategic, economic, or war-sustaining value. Rather, their classification requires restrictive, evidence-based assessment of actual military function and definite military advantage. Furthermore, the existing IHL framework, when applied through a narrow object-centred approach, provides insufficient civilian protection for such infrastructure. A systemic reinterpretation is necessary. This reinterpretation must incorporate reverberating effects, service dependency, environmental consequences, cumulative harm, and post-strike deprivation into proportionality, precautions, and military necessity assessments. This article concludes that critical oil infrastructure remains presumptively civilian unless specific components demonstrate concrete contribution to military action, and that civilian protection must be reinterpreted to reflect the realities of contemporary energy-dependent warfare.
Kajian Yuridis atas Keterlibatan TNI dalam Penanggulangan Terorisme di Indonesia M. Mustofah Bisri; Salwa Nabila
UNES Law Review Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Program Magister Ilmu Hukum, Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/4enjbt58

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji secara yuridis pengaturan pelibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme di Indonesia. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah wacana penerbitan Peraturan Presiden yang mengatur tugas TNI dalam mengatasi terorisme sebagai amanat Pasal 43I Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk dan cakupan pelibatan TNI serta mengidentifikasi sejumlah aspek hukum yang perlu dicermati dalam pengaturan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cakupan pelibatan TNI dalam draf Perpres meliputi fungsi penangkalan, penindakan, dan pemulihan, termasuk frasa “operasi lainnya” yang rumusannya masih dapat diperjelas lebih lanjut. Dari segi bentuk pengaturan, penggunaan Peraturan Presiden perlu dicermati kembali keselarasannya dengan Pasal 4 Ketetapan MPR Nomor VII/MPR/2000 yang mengamanatkan pengaturan perbantuan TNI kepada Polri melalui Undang-Undang. Aspek hukum lain yang teridentifikasi meliputi parameter operasional yang masih dapat diperjelas, mekanisme koordinasi dan pertanggungjawaban hukum yang dapat dirinci lebih lanjut, serta pentingnya penguatan konsistensi dengan prinsip due process of law. Aspek-aspek tersebut kiranya dapat menjadi perhatian dalam proses penyempurnaan draf, agar pelibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme tetap sejalan dengan prinsip negara hukum, hak asasi manusia, dan agenda reformasi sektor keamanan.
Co-Authors Imelda Rahma Subandi Salwa Nabila