Muhammad Akmal Hakim Azammullah
Sultan Idris Education University

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Humanizing online pedagogy with stream: the mediating role of students’ sense of agency within the community of inquiry Nor Asiah Razak; Che Zalina Zulkifli; Yusri Abdullah; Muhammad Akmal Hakim Azammullah; Puteri Zarina Megat Khalid; Harmeet Singh; Sarfraz Aslam; Ng Soo Boon; Umarkhon Mukhamedov
International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Vol 15, No 5: October 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v15i5.37611

Abstract

This study explores whether students’ sense of agency mediates the relationship between stream integration and the three presences of the community of inquiry (CoI) framework, namely, cognitive, social, and teaching presence in online higher education. A cross-sectional survey design was employed to undergraduates (n=107) from four Malaysian universities by validated instruments for data collection, measured stream integration, sense of agency, and CoI presence. PLS-SEM was employed for data analysis using SmartPLS 4 software, adhering to a two-step process. Stream integration significantly predicted cognitive (β=0.573), social (β=0.405), and teaching presence (β=0.433), as well as sense of agency (β=0.497), all p