<![CDATA[Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable attention as environmentally friendly photovoltaic devices for low-power energy applications. This study investigates the synergistic effects of a TiO₂–Al₂O₃–activated carbon (AC) composite photoanode and mixed natural dyes derived from Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, and Clitoria ternatea on DSSC performance. The photoanode was fabricated by combining TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and activated carbon at a mass ratio of 8:1:1 and deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates using a screen-printing technique. The mixed natural dye was characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, while the composite photoanode was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Photovoltaic performance was evaluated through current density–voltage (J–V) measurements under illumination from an 8 W white LED lamp. The UV–Vis results revealed broad absorption across the visible-light region, indicating enhanced light-harvesting capability. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of anatase TiO₂ as the dominant crystalline phase, while SEM observations showed a porous morphology favorable for dye adsorption and electrolyte diffusion. The fabricated DSSC achieved a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.075 mA cm⁻², an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.65 V, a fill factor (FF) of 0.22, and a power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.01075%, which is slightly higher than the efficiencies previously reported for several natural dye-based DSSCs. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic integration of TiO₂–Al₂O₃–AC composites and mixed natural dyes improves the photovoltaic performance of natural dye-based DSSCs while offering a functional and environmentally friendly system with potential for sustainable low-power energy harvesting applications.]]>
