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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Ecology and Conservation
Muhammad Rijal
Universitas Islam Negeri A.M. Sangadji Ambon, Ambon, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Earth & Planetary Sciences Environmental Science

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Epifaunal Insects as Bioindicators of Soil Contamination in Post-Gold Mining Landscapes: A Case Study from Gunung Botak, Maluku, Indonesia Muhammad Rijal; Ain Nadirah Binti Romainor; Salma Samputri; Abu Bakar Lessy
Indonesian Journal of Ecology and Conservation Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation
Publisher : Center for Ecology, Conservation and Ethnobiology Studies, Universitas Sulawesi Barat

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Abstract

Gold mining can leave soils contaminated by heavy metals and alter soil biological communities. This study evaluated epifaunal insects as assemblage-level bioindicators of soil contamination in Gunung Botak, Maluku, Indonesia. Twenty sampling points were distributed across high, medium, low, and reference zones. Insects were collected using pitfall traps and Berlese-Tullgren funnels, while pH, moisture, organic matter, Pb, Cd, and Hg were analyzed using standard soil procedures and ICP-MS. Pb, Cd, and Hg were highest in the high-contamination zone. Total insect abundance was also highest in this zone (405 individuals), mainly due to dominant tolerant taxa. However, Shannon-Wiener diversity (2.01), Simpson index (0.81), and evenness (0.68) were lowest, indicating community homogenization. RDA showed that heavy metals were associated with community shifts, while more neutral pH and higher organic matter supported more diverse communities. Epifaunal insects are useful bioindicators when interpreted through diversity, dominance, and community composition rather than abundance alone.
Co-Authors Abu Bakar Lessy Ain Nadirah Binti Romainor Salma Samputri