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All Journal Global Management: International Journal of Management Science and Entrepreneurship
Puti Asri Yuanita
Universitas Esa Unggul
Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Non-Opioid and Opioid-Non-Opioid Combi-nation Analgesics Post Cesarean Section Puti Asri Yuanita; Agusdini Banun Saptaningsih; Intan Silviana Mustikawati
Global Management: International Journal of Management Science and Entrepreneurship Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): August: Global Management: International Journal of Management Science and Entr
Publisher : International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70062/globalmanagement.v3i3.575

Abstract

Post-cesarean section pain is a common clinical problem following obstetric surgery. Inadequately managed pain may hinder early mobilization, prolong hospitalization, increase treatment costs, and reduce quality of life. Therefore, selecting analgesic therapy that provides effective pain control while maintaining economic efficiency is essential. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of non-opioid analgesics compared with opioid–non-opioid combination analgesics in post-cesarean section patients at Budiasih Hospital, Serang, based on direct medical costs, pain intensity, length of stay, and adverse drug effects.A descriptive-analytic study with a retrospective approach was conducted using secondary data from medical records of patients treated between January and June 2025. A total of 162 patients were included. The analysis was performed from the hospital perspective using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). Cost-effectiveness was assessed using the Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), with pain intensity as the primary clinical outcome.There was no significant difference in direct medical costs between the non-opioid group (Rp19,372,008.83) and the combination group (Rp18,870,369.52; p=0.249). Significant differences were observed in pain intensity (p<0.001) and length of stay (p=0.001), favoring combination therapy. Adverse drug effects did not differ significantly (p=0.831). Combination therapy had a lower ACER (Rp6,433,673.81 versus Rp9,595,614.86) and an ICER of −Rp4,160,448.75 per one-point pain reduction, indicating dominance. Thus, combination analgesics were more cost-effective and clinically beneficial in routine care.
Co-Authors Agusdini Banun Saptaningsih Intan Silviana Mustikawati