<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the legal regulation and position of the customary land rights (hak ulayat) of indigenous peoples within the Indonesian land law system, as well as to examine the forms of legal protection and dispute resolution mechanisms concerning customary land rights. The research employs a socio-legal research method using a mixed-methods approach, integrating normative legal analysis with empirical research. The normative approach examines the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Basic Agrarian Law, relevant sectoral regulations, and judicial decisions of the Constitutional Court and other courts. Meanwhile, the empirical approach investigates the implementation of customary land rights protection through case studies of indigenous land disputes in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The findings reveal that, normatively, customary land rights have received strong constitutional and statutory recognition under the 1945 Constitution, the Basic Agrarian Law, and several landmark Constitutional Court decisions. However, their implementation continues to face a significant gap between de jure recognition and de facto practice due to regulatory disharmony, inadequate administrative recognition of indigenous territories, sectoral policy fragmentation, and restrictive interpretations of the existence of indigenous peoples. Furthermore, the study finds that existing legal protection and dispute resolution mechanisms have not yet achieved substantive justice, as formal evidentiary requirements tend to prioritize administrative legality over the communal rights of indigenous communities. Therefore, the study recommends regulatory harmonization, accelerated recognition of indigenous territories, and the strengthening of dispute resolution mechanisms that integrate customary law to ensure legal certainty, agrarian justice.]]>
