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Zakaria, M. Qori
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Mathematics Physics

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Utilization of Palm Oil Shells and Boiler Ash as Substitutes for Coarse and Fine Aggregates in Paving Block Production Laila, Lia; Zakaria, M. Qori; Mahmud, Mahmud; Nindita Priambodo, Okta
BERKALA SAINSTEK Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/bst.v14i3.60073

Abstract

The Indonesian palm oil industry generates substantial quantities of palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash, whose management remains an environmental concern. Previous studies have generally examined these residues separately or in conventional concrete; however, information on their combined use as substitutes for coarse and fine aggregates in paving blocks with different specimen geometries remains limited. This study evaluated the feasibility of using palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash in paving blocks through nine mixture compositions (cement: palm kernel shell: boiler ash) and two geometries, hexagonal and cubic. Water absorption and compressive strength were evaluated against SNI 03-0691-1996 criteria. Water absorption ranged from 2.06% to 4.93%, corresponding to Quality Grades A or B. The highest compressive strength was obtained from the cubic specimen with a 45:45:10 composition (11.1 MPa), whereas the highest value for the hexagonal specimen was 8.9 MPa. Four cubic compositions and two hexagonal compositions met the minimum requirement for Quality Grade D. These results indicate that the combined use of palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash has potential for non-structural paving applications, although further optimization and replicated testing are required before broader application.
Co-Authors Lia Laila, Lia Mahmud Mahmud Nindita Priambodo, Okta