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Yuni Sudarwanto
Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Indonesia

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Improving Excavator Productivity and Loading-Hauling Efficiency Through Double Side Loading in Open-Pit Mining Operations Yuni Sudarwanto; Rulyenzi Rasyid; Yenny Widianty; Miftahul Fadillah
Journal of Engineering Technology and Science Integration (JETSI) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Engineering Technology and Science Integration
Publisher : PT. Nordeo Scholar Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.68627/jetsi.v1i1.8

Abstract

Open-pit mining operations require efficient loading and hauling systems to achieve production targets while minimizing operational delays and equipment idle time. Conventional Single Side Loading systems often result in high queuing time, hanging time, and cycle time, which reduce excavator productivity and overall operational efficiency. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Double Side Loading (DSL) implementation in improving excavator productivity and loading-hauling performance in an open-pit mining operation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A quantitative before-and-after operational analysis was conducted using actual field data collected from 250-ton and 300-ton excavator fleets, comprising more than 1,000 observed loading cycles. The analyzed parameters included excavator productivity, queuing time, hanging time, cycle time, and match factor. Descriptive statistical analysis and paired sample t-tests were employed to assess the significance of operational changes following DSL implementation. The results indicate that DSL significantly improved excavator productivity by 20% for the 250-ton fleet and 17% for the 300-ton fleet. Queuing time decreased by 25% and 29%, while hanging time was reduced by 34% and 26% for the 250-ton and 300-ton fleets, respectively. In addition, cycle time decreased by 12.46% and 13.04%, whereas match factor improved from 0.96 to 1.00 and from 0.98 to 1.02. Statistical testing further confirmed the significance of the observed improvements. The paired sample t-test indicated significant productivity gains for both excavator fleets, with the 250-ton fleet yielding a t-value of 4.12 and a 95% confidence interval of 124.5–211.5 BCM/h, while the 300-ton fleet yielded a t-value of 3.89 and a 95% confidence interval of 145.2–256.8 BCM/h.
Evaluating the Operational Impact of Drive-by Loading on Spotting Time and Excavator Productivity in Open-Pit Mining Yuni Sudarwanto; Rulyenzi Rasyid; Yenny Widianty; Miftahul Fadillah
Journal of Engineering Technology and Science Integration (JETSI) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Engineering Technology and Science Integration
Publisher : PT. Nordeo Scholar Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.68627/jetsi.v1i2.15

Abstract

Loading and hauling operations strongly influence equipment utilization, production efficiency, and operating cost in open-pit mining. Although simulation, dispatch optimization, truck-shovel allocation, and Double Side Loading (DSL) have improved fleet performance, field evidence for Drive-by Loading (DBL) a continuous forward truck-approach strategy that targets the positioning micro-cycle at the loading point remains limited. This study evaluates DBL in an open-pit coal mine in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a quantitative before-and-after design involving two excavator classes and 100–110-ton rigid dump trucks. The screened dataset comprised 1,440 valid loading cycles (720 per condition). Cycle-level records were used for descriptive analysis and aggregated into 28 matched shift-level analysis blocks for inferential testing. Matching considered excavator–truck configuration, operator team and shift type, haul-distance category, material domain, production target, and trafficable weather and road conditions. Records with incomplete or non-chronological event timestamps or externally interrupted cycles were excluded without imputation. Average spotting time decreased from 30 s to 17 s (−43.3%), loading cycle time decreased from 167 s to 152 s (−9.0%), and excavator productivity increased from 859 BCM/h to 1,120 BCM/h (+30.4%). Paired tests on the 28 matched blocks produced df = 27 and confirmed significant improvements in spotting time and productivity (p < 0.001). The scientific contribution is field-based, statistically validated evidence linking a redesigned truck-approach sequence to both micro-cycle time and excavator productivity. DBL therefore offers a practical, low-capital operational option where mine geometry, traffic control, and safety conditions permit a continuous forward approach.
Co-Authors Miftahul Fadillah Rulyenzi Rasyid Yenny Widianty