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All Journal ARSHI Veterinary Letters
Adelaide José Pereira Cristovao
Animal Health Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Veterinary

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Ultrasonographic gestational dating in small ruminants with unknown mating dates: A breed-aware and phase-specific review Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum; Nur Afiqah Mohamad Letfee; Adelaide José Pereira Cristovao
ARSHI Veterinary Letters Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): ARSHI Veterinary Letters - May 2026
Publisher : School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/avl.10.2.31-32

Abstract

Unknown mating dates weaken nutritional planning, vaccination scheduling, pregnancy grouping, and parturition surveillance in small-ruminant herds. This mini review synthesizes traceable ultrasonographic equations from multiple sheep and goat breeds into a phase-specific clinical framework. Crown-rump length is most useful early, whereas head, thoracic, orbital, and long-bone measurements dominate mid and late gestation. In Baluchi sheep, occipito-snout diameter and thoracic diameter at the last-rib junction showed R2 values of 0.981 and 0.975. In Saanen goats, humerus length, heart area, and neck-to-snout distance reached R2 values of 0.962, 0.956, and 0.953. However, a biparietal diameter of 20 mm predicts 56.4-58.7 days in the evaluated sheep equations but 64.8 days in Pygmy goats. Therefore, a universal small-ruminant equation is clinically indefensible. Gestational age should be estimated with species- and breed-matched equations, two or three measurements, and a reported range rather than a precise single day.
Co-Authors Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum, Mokhamad Nur Afiqah Mohamad Letfee