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S Satriananda
Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Education Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane Based on Polyol and Isocyanate Using Dimethylformamide Solvent and Varying Amounts of Butanediol as a Chain Extender Risa Zuliyana; Teuku Rihayat; S Satriananda
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10972

Abstract

Polyurethane is a widely used polymer due to its excellent mechanical and thermal properties . This study aims to evaluate the effect of the polyol–isocyanate ratio and butanediol weight as a chain extender on the characteristics of polyurethane.Polyurethane was synthesized from oleic acid-based polyol and isocyanate using a step-growth polymerization method. Characterization was conducted using FTIR to identify functional groups, TGA to determine thermal stability, and SEM to observe surface morphology.FTIR results confirmed the formation of polyurethane through the presence of C=O, N–H, and C–O–C groups. TGA analysis showed good thermal stability with degradation temperatures ranging from 256.93°C to 548.25°C, consistent with typical polyurethane thermal behavior . SEM analysis indicated a relatively uniform surface morphology.Overall, variations in the polyol–isocyanate ratio and butanediol weight influenced the properties and thermal stability of the synthesized polyurethane. These results suggest that oleic acid-based polyurethane has potential as an environmentally friendly material for industrial applications. Keywords : Polyuretan, Oleic Acid-Based Polyol, Isocyanate, Butanediol, FTIR, TGA,SEM.
FORMULATION OF BODY BUTTER BASED ON VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) WITH MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT (Moringa oleifera) Annisatun Nabila; S Satriananda; Ratni Dewi
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10991

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of varying concentrations of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera) on the characteristics and antioxidant activity of body butter. Formulations were prepared with VCO concentrations of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% and moringa leaf extract concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. The tests included pH, specific gravity, organoleptic properties (color, aroma, and texture), and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results showed that all formulations had a pH of 5.5–5.9 and a specific gravity of 0.96–1.04 g/mL, meeting the requirements of SNI 16-3499-1996. Variations in VCO and moringa leaf extract concentrations affected the physical characteristics and panelists’ preference scores, while antioxidant activity was influenced by the moringa leaf extract content. The best formula was obtained in F15 with a 12% VCO concentration and 2% moringa leaf extract, which had a pH of 5.5, a specific gravity of 1.03 g/mL, and the highest organoleptic score of 4.45. Antioxidant activity testing yielded an IC₅₀ value of 49.74 ppm, which falls into the category of very strong antioxidants. Thus, VCO- and moringa leaf extract-based body butter has the potential to be developed as a safe and effective natural moisturizer. Keywords: body butter, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), moringa leaves, antioxidants, IC₅₀.
THE USE OF COMMERCIAL POLYURETHANE/BENTONITE/CHITOSAN COMPOSITES AS HEAT-RESISTANT PROTECTIVE COATINGS Muhammad Khatami; S Satriananda; S Sariadi; Reza Fauzan; I Irwan; Ratni Dewi
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10956

Abstract

Modern industrial developments demand coating materials that offer high heat resistance, good thermal stability, and environmental friendliness. Polyurethane (PU) is a widely used coating material due to its good adhesion and flexibility; however, it still has limitations when exposed to high temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of varying amounts of bentonite and chitosan on the thermal stability of polyurethane composites applied as heat-resistant protective coatings. The composites were prepared by mixing polyurethane, bentonite, and chitosan using a stirring method at a speed of 200 rpm for 1 hour. The variations in the amounts of bentonite and chitosan used were 0 g, 0.4 g, 0.8 g, 1.2 g, and 1.6 g. Material characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to identify functional groups, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine thermal stability, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe surface morphology, and coating thickness testing. The FTIR analysis results showed the formation of functional groups characteristic of polyurethane, namely C-H, C=O, O-H, and Si-O-Si, indicating the successful incorporation of polyurethane, bentonite, and chitosan into the composite system. TGA testing showed that variations in the composition of the filler affected the thermal stability of the material. The polyurethane/bentonite/chitosan sample with a ratio of 1.6:1.6 exhibited the best thermal stability, with a weight loss of 22.03%, which was lower than that of the sample with a ratio of 0.8:1.6 (49.84%) and the sample with a ratio of 0:1.6 (79.08%). SEM results for the best sample showed a relatively uniform distribution of fillers within the polyurethane matrix, although some particle agglomeration was still present. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the addition of bentonite and chitosan improves the thermal stability of polyurethane composites. The polyurethane/bentonite/chitosan composition with a ratio of 1.6:1.6 demonstrated the best performance as a heat-resistant protective coating because it exhibited the lowest weight loss during the heating process and a relatively homogeneous surface morphology.Keywords: Bentonite, FTIR, Composite, Chitosan, Polyurethane, Thermal Stability, SEM, TGA.
FABRICATION OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SEPARATORS BASED ON CHITOSAN/POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE USING THE SPIN COATING METHOD Mila Ramadani; S Satriananda; E Elwina
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10965

Abstract

This study developed a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based lithium-ion battery separator reinforced with chitosan to improve performance and thermal stability. The primary objective of this study was to produce a chitosan-modified PVDF-based separator to enhance performance, thermal stability, and resistance to shrinkage. The fabrication methods used included spin coating with varying PVDF:chitosan ratios of 0.6:0.4, 0.7:0.3, 0.8:0.2, 0.9:0.1, and 1:0, as well as spin coating times of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 seconds. In the spin coating method, the solution was applied to ITO glass that had been cleaned using an ultrasonic cleaner, then spun for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 seconds, soaked in distilled water for 48 hours, and dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 6 hours. The results showed that a ratio of 0.7:0.3 produced an optimal thickness of 20 µm, in accordance with battery separator standards (25 µm). Thermal shrinkage testing at the same ratio yielded a shrinkage of 3.5%, in accordance with separator standards (5%). In the electrolyte wettability test, the electrolyte absorption rate was 268.5% (Excellent), and the electrolyte retention rate was 72.9% (Excellent). The porosity test yielded a porosity of 39.8%. Keywords: Lithium-ion battery, Polyvinylidene Fluoride, Chitosan, Separator, Spin Coating
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE POLYURETHANE/POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE MODIFIED LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SEPARATOR USING THE CASTING METHOD Irna Safitri; S Satriananda; Nanang Rahmat Wijaya
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10970

Abstract

This study developed a polyvinylidene fluoride based lithium-ion battery separator reinforced with polyurethane to improve its electrochemical performance, thermal stability, and dimensional stability. The primary objective of this research was to fabricate a PVDF-based separator modified with polyurethane to enhance its performance, thermal resistance, and shrinkage resistance. The separators were fabricated using the casting method with PVDF to polyurethane weight ratios of 2:8, 3:7, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, 9:1, and 10:0, and immersion times of 1, 2, and 3 days. The casting process was carried out by casting the polymer solution between two ITO glass substrates. The results showed that the 7:3 PVDF to polyurethane ratio produced the optimum membrane thickness of 20 μm, meeting the standard thickness requirement for lithium-ion battery separators (25 μm). Thermal characterization using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the membrane fabricated by the casting method remained thermally stable up to 300°C, followed by rapid thermal degradation between 300°C and 400°C. Morphological characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that the membrane surface contained numerous micropores distributed throughout the membrane. Although the pore distribution was not entirely homogeneous and some material agglomeration was observed, the abundance of micropores indicates that the membrane fabrication process successfully created ion transport pathways essential for lithium-ion battery separator applications.Keywords: Separator, Battery, LIB, PVDF, Poliuretan, Casting.
CHARACTERIZATION OF COFFEE PARCHMENT HYDROCHAR THROUGH HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION USING A PRESSURE COOKER Akmal Sabila; R Raudah; S Satriananda
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi Vol 24, No 01 (2026): JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI REAKSI
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30811/jstr.v24i01.10971

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of variations in HTC operating parameters (temperature, time, and biomass-to-water ratio) using a pressure cooker on the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting hydrochar. The hydrothermal carbonization process was conducted at the Laboratory of the Chemical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, with a fixed distilled water volume of 200 mL at a pressure of 1.5 bar. The independent variables studied included variations in coffee silverskin mass (20 g, 30 g, and 40 g), operating temperature (200°C, 250°C, and 300°C), and contact/residence time (3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours). Characterization of the hydrochar was carried out through moisture content testing, mass yield recovery, Higher Heating Value (HHV), energy recovery, and functional group identification using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Based on the research data, an increase in temperature and residence time generally caused a decrease in hydrochar mass yield but increased the degree of carbonization. The highest heating value was achieved at an operating temperature of 250°C for 4 hours with a coffee silverskin weight of 20 g and 200 mL of distilled water, which produced a heating value of 18,865 J/g with an energy recovery reaching 89.10% and a moisture content of 3.5%. FTIR analysis of the solid product confirmed changes in the chemical structure, marked by the appearance of absorption peaks for hydroxyl groups (-OH), aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations, and aromatic carbon double bonds (C=C), indicating the formation of a stable charcoal structure. The use of a pressure cooker proved to be potentially effective as an economical laboratory-scale hydrothermal carbonization reactor medium. The best hydrochar characteristics approaching the properties of solid fuel were obtained at a temperature of 230–250°C with an operating time of 4 hours and a 1:10 ratio. The results of this study provide an alternative solution for utilizing coffee silverskin waste into a value-added biomass energy source.Keywords: Coffee silverskin, Hydrochar, mass yield, heating value, FTIR
Co-Authors Akmal Sabila Annisatun Nabila Dewi, Ratni E Elwina I Irwan Irna Safitri Mila Ramadani Muhammad Khatami Nanang Rahmat Wijaya R Raudah Reza Fauzan Risa Zuliyana S Sariadi Teuku Rihayat