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All Journal International Journal of Pedagogical Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies
Marina Ripe
Universitas Timor
Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Language Varieties as Representations of Social Stratification in Andrea Hirata’s Novel Orang-Orang Biasa: A Sociolinguistic Approach Marina Ripe; Vincentius Mauk; Jose Da Conceicao Verdial; Casimiro Relvas Amaral
International Journal of Pedagogical Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies (i-Plural) Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): International Journal of Pedagogical Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies
Publisher : Nexus Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63011/ip.v3i3.92

Abstract

This study aims to identify the forms of language varieties used by characters to represent social stratification and to analyze how these varieties shape identity and power relations in Andrea Hirata's novel Orang-Orang Biasa. The study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach with directed content analysis. Data were gathered from the characters' dialogues and classified using Martin Joos's typology of language varieties. Out of the five categories, three were identified: formal, consultative, and casual styles, while frozen and intimate styles were absent. Furthermore, the language varieties were connected to Max Weber's dimensions of social stratification: class, status, and party. The analysis of 18 selected data excerpts revealed 10 instances of casual style, 5 of consultative style, and 3 of formal style. Regarding social stratification, 8 instances reflected the class dimension, 4 referred to the status dimension, and 6 represented the party dimension. The findings show a clear link between language variety and social stratification; however, language use does not directly determine a character's social position, as it is heavily influenced by the context of communication and the relationships between characters. Additionally, the specific language varieties used and the social positions represented help shape the characters' identities within specific social classes and reinforce relationships of dominance and subordination among them.
Co-Authors Casimiro Relvas Amaral Jose Da Conceicao Verdial Mauk, Vincentius