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All Journal ANWARUL: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Dakwah Madani: Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
Rahmah, Jabal
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Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals: From the Peak of Glory to the Political Fragmentation of the 18th Century Rahmah, Jabal; Basri, Basri; Handayani, Yusri; Sultan, Ana Dhiqfaini; Rahmawati, Rahmawati
ANWARUL Vol 5 No 6 (2025): DESEMBER
Publisher : Lembaga Yasin AlSys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/anwarul.v5i6.8091

Abstract

This study investigates the decline of three major Islamic empires in the 18th century—the Ottoman Sultanate, the Safavid Dynasty, and the Mughal Dynasty—which had previously attained prominence in political, military, and cultural spheres. The research aims to analyze the internal and external factors that led to the political fragmentation of these empires. Adopting a qualitative approach with a historical-comparative method, the study relies on literature-based data, which were analyzed through five stages: heuristics, verification, interpretation, comparison, and historiography. The findings indicate that the decline of these empires resulted from an interplay between internal weaknesses, including leadership crises, succession conflicts, and the decentralization of power, and external pressures stemming from European colonial expansion and transformations in the global economic system. The study concludes that, despite political fragmentation, the cultural and religious legacies of these empires continue to shape the development of the Islamic world in contemporary contexts. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the transition from cohesive imperial power to fragmented political entities and elucidates broader changes in global dynamics during this period.
Esensi Tuhan dan Manusia dalam Berkehendak dan Berbuat: Otoritas Kun Fayakun dan Sunnatullah Rahmah, Jabal; Aderus, Andi; Santalia, Indo
Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Vol 3, No 12 (2026): January
Publisher : Penerbit Yayasan Daarul Huda Kruengmane

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18127610

Abstract

The debate concerning the relationship between divine will and human freedom is a classic theme in Islamic thought that remains relevant to this day. On the one hand, Islam affirms the absoluteness of God’s will, as reflected in the concept of kun fayakun as a symbol of divine authority. On the other hand, the Qur’an also emphasizes human responsibility for actions and efforts through the principles of ikhtiar (human endeavor) and sunnatullah (divine laws). This study aims to critically examine the essence of God’s will and the position of human freedom from the perspective of Islamic thought, while positioning sunnatullah as a framework that bridges the two. This research employs a qualitative approach with a library research design, analyzing primary and secondary sources in the field of Islamic theology. The findings indicate that God’s will is absolute and unlimited, whereas human beings possess a limited yet accountable freedom. Sunnatullah functions as a divine law that enables humans to strive rationally without negating the supremacy of God’s will. Thus, the relationship between divine will and human freedom is complementary, in which human endeavor and divine decree mutually reinforce one another in shaping an ethical and meaningful life.
Co-Authors Aderus, Andi Ana Dhiqfaini Sultan, Ana Dhiqfaini Basri Basri Indo Santalia Rahmawati, Rahmawati Yusri Handayani