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All Journal Jurnal Media Gizi Indonesia (MGI) Journal of Indonesian Specialized Nutrition
sanjiwani, putu amrytha
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Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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IRON ABSORPTION; NATURE, AND NURTURE INTERACTIONS Sanjiwani, Putu Amrytha; Pratiwi, Dessy; Sitorus, Nova Lidia
Journal of Indonesian Specialized Nutrition Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Journal of Indonesian Specialized Nutrition
Publisher : Ridwan Institute

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Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global health concern, particularly affecting women and children. Both genetic and dietary factors contribute to iron absorption and status. Understanding these interactions is vital for effective prevention strategies. Methods: This narrative review examined literature from Scopus-indexed journals (2005–2024) to explore the influence of TMPRSS6 gene polymorphisms—particularly rs855791 and rs4820268—and dietary components (enhancers and inhibitors) on iron absorption. Results: Genetic variations in TMPRSS6, especially rs855791, are associated with increased hepcidin levels, leading to decreased iron absorption and lower hemoglobin. On the dietary side, ascorbic acid and meat proteins significantly enhance non-heme iron uptake, while phytates, polyphenols, and calcium inhibit it. Food processing techniques such as fermentation andgermination can reduce inhibitor effects and improve iron bioavailability. Conclusion: Iron absorption is influenced by both inherited genetic variations and modifiable dietary practices. A combined understanding of these nature and nurture factors is essential to develop personalized and population-based nutritional strategies to prevent and manage IDA effectively
Iron, Zinc, and Calcium Bioavailability of Nutrient-Dense Foods for Designated Complementary Feeding of Children Under Two in East Nusa Tenggara Sanjiwani, Putu Amrytha; Fahmida, Umi; Santoso, Muhayatun; Marliyati, Sri Anna; Mansyur, Muchtaruddin
Media Gizi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026): MEDIA GIZI INDONESIA
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mgi.v21i1.52-64

Abstract

Background: Inadequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding contribute substantially to micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, zinc, and calcium. In Indonesia, intake of these micronutrients is frequently suboptimal, and their bioavailability is often compromised by dietary inhibitors, primarily phytate. Objective: This study aimed to compare the in vitro bioavailability of iron, zinc, and calcium from selected locally available animal-and plant-source foods with potential for promotion in complementary feeding among children aged 6–24 months, and to evaluate the effects of pre-processing treatments on micronutrient bioavailability and phytate reduction. Method: A laboratory-based experimental study was conducted to assess the micronutrient bioavailability and phytate content in sticky corn, mung beans, cowpeas, and moringa leaf subjected to soaking (24 h), boiling, and germination (72 h). Bioavailability was analyzed using a solubility-based in vitro digestion model. Anchovy and chicken liver served as animal-source comparators. Result: Pre-processing treatments significantly reduced phytate content in mung beans, cowpeas, and sticky corn (p < 0.001), with germination yielding the greatest reduction. However, desirable calcium bioavailability was not achieved in germinated cowpeas and sticky corn. Anchovy and chicken liver exhibited substantially higher iron, zinc, and calcium bioavailability compared with plant-source foods. Conclusion: Germination of plant-source foods enhances iron, zinc, and calcium bioavailability; however, their bioavailability remains lower than that of animal-source foods. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal animal-to-plant-source food ratios for the development of nutrient-dense complementary foods that meet iron, zinc, and calcium requirements.
Co-Authors Muchtaruddin Mansyur Muhayatun Santoso Pratiwi, Dessy Sitorus, Nova Lidia Sri Anna Marliyati Umi Fahmida