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All Journal Jambura Journal of Chemistry Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology) Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan
Hikmah, Sitti Ainun
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Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Public Health

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Assessment of Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonia Levels In Palu Bay and Its Impact on Health: Analisis Kandungan Nitrat, Nitrit dan Amonia di Perairan Teluk Palu dan Dampaknya Bagi Kesehatan Paundanan, Matius; Hikmah, Sitti Ainun
Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): July
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/medicra.v8i1.1775

Abstract

Water pollution due to nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia content has become a significant issue in Indonesian waters, including Palu Bay, which has the potential to affect water quality and human health. This study aims to analyze the levels of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in Palu Bay waters and their impacts on human health. Water samples were collected from 10 observation stations in Palu Bay and then brought to the laboratory for analysis. The laboratory results were compared with the Water Quality Standards as set by the Minister of Environment Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 51 of 2004 concerning Marine Water Quality Standards for Marine Biota. The results of the study show that nitrate concentrations varied between 0.326 mg/l and 1.199 mg/l, exceeding the established standard of 0.008 mg/l. Meanwhile, nitrite was found at very low levels (<0.003 mg/l) and was only slightly detected at a few stations, while ammonia concentrations ranged from <0.03 mg/l to 0.06 mg/l, still within the standard limit of 0.3 mg/l. High nitrate levels have the potential to cause water pollution and negatively impact aquatic ecosystems as well as human health, particularly through respiratory and digestive issues, and pose a risk to infants consuming nitrate-contaminated water. Although nitrite and ammonia levels were not significant, the presence of these compounds still requires monitoring. This study suggests the need for better water quality management to prevent long-term health impacts and damage to aquatic ecosystems. 
Health Risk Assessment of Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) Contamination in Sediments of Palu Bay, Indonesia Paundanan, Matius; Hikmah, Sitti Ainun; Zulfa, Nely
Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan Vol. 24 No. 1 (2026): Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan (on progress)
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36568/gelinkes.v24i1.446

Abstract

Heavy metals are persistent environmental pollutants that tend to accumulate in coastal sediments and may pose long-term ecological and human health risks. This study evaluated the concentrations of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in surface sediments of Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and assessed potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks through dermal exposure. Sediment samples were collected from ten stations representing residential areas, ports, river estuaries, and relatively open zones. Concentrations of Pb and Cu were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) after acid digestion. Sediment contamination was evaluated using the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo), while human health risk assessment (HRA) followed U.S. EPA guidelines. Mean concentrations of Pb and Cu were 6.61 ± 3.64 mg/kg and 20.70 ± 8.83 mg/kg, respectively, and were below international sediment quality guidelines (CCME and ANZECC). CF values (<1) and negative Igeo values indicated low contamination levels. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for dermal exposure were below the threshold of concern (HI < 1), suggesting no significant non-carcinogenic risk. Carcinogenic risk (CR) for Pb was within the acceptable range (10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴). Overall, surface sediments in Palu Bay show low levels of Pb and Cu contamination and currently pose minimal health risk through dermal contact. The results provide baseline data to support future monitoring and coastal management strategies.
Evaluasi Komprehensif in silico Profil ADME Aqneursa dan Miplyffa: Strategi Seleksi Senyawa Baru yang Disetujui FDA untuk Terapi Niemann-Pick Tipe C Dienna, Annisha Noor; Utri, Chynthia Azhari; Hikmah, Sitti Ainun; Nurbaiti, Novalia
Jambura Journal of Chemistry Vol 8, No 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37905/jambchem.v8i1.34936

Abstract

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder requiring new therapeutic options, where ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) profiles are critical for drug development. This study aimed to conduct a comparative in silico prediction of the ADME profiles of two novel FDA-approved compounds, Aqneursa and Miplyffa, as candidate therapies for NPC. The result in silico profiling was developed from the web-based tool, SwissADME, such as physicochemical characteristics, lipophilicity, solubility, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness. Aqneursa follows all the key drug-likeness rules (Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, Muegge), has a low molecular weight (173.21 g/mol), a well-soluble, a high gastrointestinal absorption, and  a balanced lipophilicity (Log P 0.66). In contrast, Miplyffa presented significant pharmacokinetic challenges, including a high molecular weight (505.90 g/mol), extreme hydrophilicity (Log P -0.21), high polarity (TPSA 202.65 Ų), low GI absorption, and multiple violations of drug-likeness criteria. Although both compounds were predicted to be non-substrates of P-glycoprotein and non-inhibitors of major CYP450 enzymes, neither was predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, Aqneursa is good for oral drugs and worthy of further development for NPC, whereas Miplyffa requires alternative formulation strategies or structural modifications.
Co-Authors Annisha Noor Diena Matius Paundanan, Matius Novalia Nurbaiti, Novalia Utri, Chynthia Azhari zulfa, nely