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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Makara Journal of Technology
Ishak, Mohamad Khairi
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Automated Compilation Test System for Embedded System Ishak, Mohamad Khairi; Hwan, Ooi Jun; Jiashen, Teh; Mat Isa, Nor Ashidi
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 22, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Embedded system testing involves testing an integration of software and hardware. It is increasingly difficult to evaluate the functionality of each module within a short time because of the increasing number of tests required. In this paper, a novel stepwise methodology involving the use of an automated compilation test system (ACTS) is proposed, to improve the quality of testing and optimize the testing time using automation. Using the proposed method, the testing coverage can be maximized, while minimizing the manual work and testing time required. This ACTS was used to automate the test code compilation and execution for different hardware modules. The proposed method significantly saved the testing time by approximately 56.42%, compared to the existing method, while ensuring quality testing performance.
Interactive Software-based Modeling for Gait Analysis of Musculoskeletal Structures Mirza, Nada Masood; Ali, Adnan; Ishak, Mohamad Khairi
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 26, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Software for interactive musculoskeletal modeling applies diverse scientific and technological concepts to stimulate the movement of musculoskeletal figures. Several tools are available for biomechanical analysis in studying motion and capturing the musculoskeletal representation data to facilitate further evaluation for muscle activation. Musculoskeletal software, such as the OpenSim model, animates, and measures in 3D the structural movement of bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and such structures in the human body. Users apply graphical interfaces to manipulate the movement science for fast and accurate analysis. OpenSim simulation software features a user-friendly interface to allow the proper clinical application in biomechanics and rehabilitation research. The exploitation of the potential features and outputs is significant to optimize electromyography technology for musculoskeletal simulation. Emphasis on testing fundamental hypotheses with posture experimentation and simulation encourages the adoption of OpenSim in various biomechanical models.
Design and Implementation of I2C Bus Protocol on Master and Slave Data Transfer Based on FPGA Ishak, Mohamad Khairi; Kumar, Meenal Pradeep
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 26, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This paper presents the design of the inter-integrated circuit (I2C) protocol with different types of features, such as combined messages, addressing modes, different data patterns and start addresses, clock frequencies, and types of modes between the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and test card. Moreover, all these features can be randomized and run for long hours. The FPGA and the test card respectively act as master and slave. The design architecture comprises master and slave. The master generates a START condition, in which the serial data will transact between high to low levels and the serial clock will remain high. Then, the master also generates the STOP condition. Additionally, a few types of messaging modes, such as PIO read, PIO write, PIO write–read, and PIO read–write, are available. By contrast, the master also transfers and receives data to or from slave devices by using different addressing modes. The implemented addressing modes are 7 and 10 bits. This paper also focuses on randomizing the sent data byte and the start address. Particularly, data sending, reading, and writing operations are conducted and stimulated by capturing the signal using a logic analyzer. The signal is then examined and compared with the actual I2C protocol format. A stress test is performed by randomizing all the features and running for long hours (4 h). The stress test aims to stress the IP and ensure the health of IP.
Integrity verification of medical images in internet of medical things for smart cities using data hiding scheme Devi, Kilari Jyothsna; Daniel, Ravuri; Prasad, Bode; Ishak, Mohamad Khairi; Sudarsa, Dorababu; Kiran, Pasam Prudhvi
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 6: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5770-5781

Abstract

As technology has advanced, the internet of medical things (IoMT) has become incredibly useful. It is used to transmit a wide variety of medical images. Sensitive patient data may be altered during transmission or subject to illegal access. To overcome all of these challenges and preserve the integrity of medical images while transmission over IoMT, a blind region-based data concealing approach called medical image watermarking (MIW) is suggested. The region of interest (ROI) and region of non-interest (RONI) are the two sections that make up the medical image. The aim of the suggested MIW technique is to prevent transmission-related manipulation of medical image ROI. To provide high imperceptibility and resilience, confined integrity verification and recovery bits (CIVRB) bits are embedded in the RONI using hybrid integer wavelet transform–singular value decomposition (IWT-SVD). According to the experimental results, the suggested system is highly imperceptible (average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)=56dB), robust (average NC=0.99), and exhibits integrity verification accuracy of over 98% against a variety of image processing attacks. In terms of several watermarking properties, the proposed technique performs over state-of-the-art schemes. This method offers a dependable framework for protecting medical images in real-time IoMT applications and is suitable for smart healthcare environments.
Restorative Hand Therapy Exercise using IoT-Based Flex Force Smart Glove Chang, Yi Neng; Ishak, Mohamad Khairi; Ammar, Khalid
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 27, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Stroke has long been a major health concern in Malaysia, with cerebrovascular disease accounting for one-third of all deaths. Patients who have had a stroke have varying degrees of movement impairment, which can be improved with physiotherapy. A smart glove system is proposed in this paper to measure and visualize patient finger flexes in real-time remotely and record these flexes for further analysis to monitor and assess patient physiotherapy sessions. The system is designed to help physiotherapists evaluate physiotherapy exercises of patients and provide detailed information regarding the rehabilitation process. This paper also includes performance analysis and data from physiotherapy sessions using the system. Overall, the flex force smart glove shows promise in aiding restorative hand therapy exercises.
Co-Authors Ali, Adnan Ammar, Khalid Chang, Yi Neng Daniel, Ravuri Devi, Kilari Jyothsna Hwan, Ooi Jun Jiashen, Teh Kiran, Pasam Prudhvi Kumar, Meenal Pradeep Mirza, Nada Masood Nor Ashidi Mat Isa Prasad, Bode Sudarsa, Dorababu