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DESIGNING THE SPECIAL PILOT ECONOMIC ZONE: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO REVITALIZE LIVELIHOODS ON PEATLANDS Budiman, Ibnu; Januar, Rizky; Daeli, Willy; Hapsari, Rahmah D; Sari, Eli NN
Jurnal Geografi Lingkungan Tropik (Journal of Geography of Tropical Environments) Vol. 4, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Peatland restoration projects in tropical countries could prevent environmental disasters such as peat fires. In Indonesia, one of peatland restoration activities is the revitalization of the livelihoods of communities around peatlands. Nevertheless, this activity is still lacking in reducing the environmental pressures from the communities on peatland. We aim to find a comprehensive strategy to design a sustainable bioeconomy on peatlands. This study draws on spatial, qualitative, and quantitative data from the literature, project and policy documents, open-source web application, observations from the field and meetings; and interviews with key stakeholders at national level and three Indonesian provinces. We found that an ecosystem-based special pilot economic zone (SPEZ) is a potential proposal that can provide a framework for a sustainable peatland bioeconomy. We suggests seven phases for planning and implementation of the SPEZ; 1. Preparing its spatial planning to support its legal aspects; 2. Field observation to derive biophysical information of the location and determining peatland suitability; 3. Identifying target group, paludiculture commodities and alternative livelihoods; 4. Analyzing the value chain, market demand and conducting a cost-benefit analysis; 5. Natural capital accounting; 6. Designing social innovation to trigger investment and market chain; and 7. Community engagement. From our study in Riau, South Sumatra, and Central Kalimantan, each of the phase present different challenges and opportunities especially in terms of regulation for land permit, institutional arrangement, market chain for peat products, remuneration of external benefits, and perception and capacity of community for cultivation on peat.

Enabling Community Participation for Social Innovation in the Energy Sector Budiman, Ibnu
Indonesian Journal of Energy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): Indonesian Journal of Energy
Publisher : Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33116/ije.v1i2.23

This study investigates enabling conditions for facilitating social innovation in the energy sector. This aspect is important to support the energy transition in Indonesia. This research provides appropriate project direction, including research (and action) gaps for the energy actors in Indonesia. The actors are encouraged to work further with the result of this study to stimulate the energy transition in Indonesia. This study uses a systemic change framework which recognizes four drivers of systemic change in a region: 1. transforming political ecologies; 2. configuring green economies; 3. building adaptive communities; 4. social innovation. These drivers are interconnected, and this study focuses on how the social innovation can be supported by other drivers. This study used interviews and literature review as the sources of data. There were interviews with eight experts who come from different countries and are experienced in social innovation in the energy sector. Afterward, this research reviewed related journal papers from the last five years, to check the latest developments within the topic, to support the interview results. The study found that the enabling condition can focus on one of the drivers of systemic change, which is building communities by increasing their participation, through several integrated actions. This point can be implemented in two types of citizen energy initiatives which are energy cooperatives and sustainable consumption initiatives. Further implementation of these initiatives requires a study on policy and governance support, to create complete enabling conditions to facilitate social innovation in the energy transition.

Multiple Challenges and Opportunities for Biogas Dissemination in Indonesia Budiman, Ibnu; Muthahhari, Raushanfikr; Kaynak, Ceylan; Reichwein, Fabian; Zhang, Wandi
Indonesian Journal of Energy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): Indonesian Journal of Energy
Publisher : Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33116/ije.v1i2.25

More than the half of Indonesian households primarily rely upon firewood for cooking. To overcomecthis problem, multiple initiatives established the decentralized biogas programs. This paper aims to analyze the environmental problem of firewood cooking and to find out various challenges and opportunities for biogas dissemination in rural areas in Indonesia. The method used in this paper is literature review with frameworks of DPSIR and stakeholder matrix. The result found that the firewood cooking is adversely impacting local wooded ecosystems, deforestation rate and negative effect on human respiratory health. The biogas programme is still not able to replace the firewood use. The research found that it is caused by two major challenges. The first one is the issue with the project's approach in which biogas programmes are still dominated by the government grants. This situation leads to community dependency on the grant, lack of investment and low demand and market in this sector. The second challenge is the technology part where many biogas digesters were not operated due to the low quality of installation, and lack of knowledge and skill of the biogas user about the maintenance and installation of the digester. This study suggests that there is the opportunity to improve the approach of governmental biogas programme. It has to involve more roles from non-state actors. In the user side, the farmers as majority user also should be trained properly how to maintain the biogas installations. As the solution, instead of the full grant, the programme can reduce the percentage of subsidy and turn the cost to provide more digesters and training. Key stakeholders need to have cooperation to increase the quality and quantity of the biogas dissemination.

The Role of Fixed-Dome and Floating Drum Biogas Digester for Energy Security in Indonesia Budiman, Ibnu
Indonesian Journal of Energy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2020): Indonesian Journal of Energy
Publisher : Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33116/ije.v3i2.88

Since 2010, technological innovations for small-medium biogas digester in Indonesia were mainly dominated by two designs; 1. fixed-dome digesters as a strong technology and proven in other developing countries, 2. the floating drum digester made of fiberglass as a suitable design for Indonesia’s earthquake-prone geography. This study analyzes the effectiveness of these two-biogas technologies for energy security in the country, from the perspectives of stakeholders of biogas programs. The study draws on semi-structured interviews, reviews of policy and program reports and documentation, as well as academic literature. Data were collected from key institutions and other stakeholders related to biogas programs, e.g. ministries, local governments, businesses, civil society, and academics. These institutions provided their review on the effectiveness of fixeddome and floating drum biogas digester. This study found that the technological effectiveness and reliability of both biogas technological design are relatively the same. Both technological designs are found to have problems a few weeks after the installation in some regions. These issues were caused by a lack of enforcement to the standard of technological construction. In terms of contribution to energy security, both designs contribute to the sustainability, availability, and affordability aspects of the energy system in the country. The diversity of technological design supports the resilience of the energy system. As a way forward, more detailed monitoring and evaluation are required to check damaged biodigesters and maintain a good quality of construction of both designs, particularly in rural areas.

Complexity of Barriers to Biogas Digester Dissemination in Indonesia Budiman, Ibnu
Indonesian Journal of Energy Vol. 4 No. 1 (2021): Indonesian Journal of Energy
Publisher : Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33116/ije.v4i1.98

In the global south, the use of firewood and LPG as dominant energy sources for cooking contributes to socio-ecological issues. Alternatively, biogas is considered a cleaner energy source generated from organic waste. However, in Indonesia, until 2018, only less than 2 percent of households utilized biogas for cooking fuel. This research aims to explore the landscape of biogas governance in Indonesia, its fragmentation and its relation with biodigester dissemination. This study found that there is fragmentation within small-medium scale national biogas programs in Indonesia. Seven national government biogas programs have similar governance arrangements and characteristics; scattered in different departments within the ministry, using the grant approach with two main vendors, often overlapping with local government programs and not providing proper monitoring and evaluation mechanism, as well as proper training for users. Meanwhile, the biogas program by a non-government organization utilizes a semi-commercial approach; collaborating with multiple stakeholders (governments, local construction partner organizations, cooperatives and private sectors-companies and banks); and has standardized training and after-sale services. Within those biogas programs, there are multiple barriers along the supply chain process of biodigester dissemination. These barriers relate to the governance aspect of biogas programs. Fragmented governance affected the capability of each program to tackle barriers in biogas digester dissemination.

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