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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Saisriyoot, Maythee
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Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Techno-Economic Analysis for Bioethanol Plant with Multi Lignocellulosic Feedstocks Srinophakun, Penjit; Thanapimmetha, Anusith; Srinophakun, Thongchai Rohitatisha; Parakulsuksatid, Pramuk; Sakdaronnarong, Chularat; Vilaipan, Monsikan; Saisriyoot, Maythee
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 9, No 3 (2020): October 2020
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.9.3.319-328

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch and trunk are classified as primary lignocellulosic residues from the palm oil industry. They are considered to be promising feedstocks for bioconversion into value-added products such as bioethanol. However,using these lignocellulosic materials to produce bioethanol remains a significant challenge for small and medium enterprises. Hence, techno-economic and sensitivity analyses of bioethanol plant simultaneously treating these materials were performed in this study. The information based on preliminary experimental data in batch operations wasemployed to develop a simulation of an industrial-scale semi-continuous production process. Calculations of mass balance, equipment sizes, and production cost estimation of the production plant of various capacities ranging from 10,000 L/day to 35,000 L/day were summarized. The result based on 20 years of operation indicated that the net present value of theplant of lower capacities was negative. However,thisvalue became positive when the plant operated with a higher capacity, 35,000 L/day.The highest ethanol yield, 294.84 LEtOH/tonfeedstock, was produced when the planttreated only an empty fruit bunch generating 8.94% internal rate of return and US$0.54 production cost per unit.Moreover, the higher oil palm trunk ratio in the feedstock, the lower ethanol yield contributing to the higher production cost per unit.
Integrated upgrading of waste cooking oil–derived biodiesel via reaction pathway selection, adsorption, and feedstock blending Gozan, Misri; Efendi, Mochamad Yusuf; Harahap, Andre Fahriz Perdana; Thanapimmetha, Anusith; Saisriyoot, Maythee; Krajomethong, Pattarawit; Srinophakun, Penjit
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62204

Abstract

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) offers environmental and economic advantages but is constrained by degraded feedstock quality and unstable fuel properties. This study evaluates an integrated upgrading strategy combining reaction pathway selection, adsorption-based purification, and feedstock blending to produce fuel-grade biodiesel. WCO was pretreated by moisture removal and acid esterification using H₂SO₄ to reduce free fatty acids. Transesterification was conducted in a temperature-controlled batch reactor at 60 °C using 6:1–12:1 methanol-to-oil mass ratios, 1.0–2.0 wt% KOH catalyst loadings, and 60–120 minute reaction times. The maximum FAME content achieved was 93.94 wt% at 6:1 methanol ratio, 1.5 wt% KOH, and 90 min reaction time. Post-reaction upgrading was performed via batch adsorption using activated carbon (0.5–2 wt%, 60 °C) and silica gel (3 wt%, 112 °C). Adsorption improved FAME content to 94–95 wt% (maximum 95.3 wt% with silica gel) and reduced acid value and carbon residue. However, oxidation stability decreased slightly after adsorption (from 4.20 to 4.05 h), indicating partial removal of natural antioxidants. GC–MS analysis confirmed the dominance of methyl esters and the reduction of minor impurity-related peaks after purification. To comply with multi-parameter fuel requirements, WCO was blended with palm olein prior to conversion at ratios of 100:0 to 10:90 (w/w). Full EN 14214 compliance (FAME ≥ 96.5 wt%) was achieved at ≥50% palm olein, with oxidation stability of 10.2 h at a 10:90 ratio. These findings demonstrate that adsorption enhances compositional purity, whereas feedstock blending is decisive for restoring oxidative stability and achieving robust, fuel-grade biodiesel.
Co-Authors HARAHAP, Andre Fahriz Perdana Krajomethong, Pattarawit Misri Gozan Mochamad Yusuf Efendi, Mochamad Yusuf Parakulsuksatid, Pramuk Sakdaronnarong, Chularat Srinophakun, Penjit Srinophakun, Thongchai Rohitatisha Thanapimmetha, Anusith Vilaipan, Monsikan