Article Per Year (5 Year)
p-Index From 2020 - 2025
0.61
P-Index
This Author published in this journals
All Journal Global Strategis Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Unknown Affiliation
Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

Published : 3 Documents Claim Missing Document
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 3 Documents
Search

 1 
Kegagalan Sosialisme Africa (African Socialism) Tanzania dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam Tambang oleh Inggris (2015-2020) Galuh, Ni Made Kayika; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Vol 8 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n1.13

Abstract

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini berbicara mengenai kegagalan African Socialism Tanzania dalam menghindarkan negara dari eksploitasi sumber daya tambang oleh Inggris pada tahun 2015-2020. African Socialism adalah ideologi pembangunan Tanzania yang diimplementasikan dalam praktik politik dan ekonomi. Prinsip “sosialis” berarti kontrol pemerintah Tanzania terhadap ekonomi negara untuk menghindari “kapitalis” yaitu pihak yang mengakumulasi kapital di atas kepentingan masyarakat Tanzania. Tanzania mengedepankan kebijakan sosialisme-demokratis yang berfokus pada 1) absensi eksploitasi, 2) kontrol produksi oleh pemerintah dan para pekerja, serta 3) ditegakkannya demokrasi. Namun, pada era presiden John Magufuli, kasus-kasus eksploitasi tambang oleh perusahaan Inggris justru meningkat. Magufuli yang mengimplementasikan African Socialism melalui sistem ekonomi nasionalis gagal dalam mengeluarkan Tanzania dari kategori least developed country. African Socialism seharusnya menjadi ideologi pembangunan negara yang menonjolkan kemandirian dan asertivitas Tanzania dalam menghindari eksploitasi neokolonialisme. Anomali ini mengarahkan pada pertanyaan penelitian mengapa African Socialism gagal dalam menghindarkan sumber daya alam tambang Tanzania dari posisi tereksploitasi oleh Inggris pada tahun 2015-2020. Pertanyaan tersebut diteliti secara eksplanatif dengan kerangka state failure theory. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa pemerintah Magufuli keliru dalam mengimplementasikan African Socialism pada aspek politik dan ekonomi yang merupakan bentuk kegagalan pembangunan negara. Kegagalan tersebut memudahkan konsesi pemerintah dan perusahaan Inggris terhadap sumber daya tambang Tanzania. Kata kunci: African Socialism, eksploitasi, Inggris,state failure, Tanzania. ABSTRACT This paper examines the failure of Tanzania’s African Socialism which leads the country entrapping into exploitation of mining resources by the British government in 2015-2020. African Socialism is Tanzanian development ideology that is adressed to conduct political and economic practices. “Socialist” principles refer to the ability of Tanzanian government in control of the domestic economy, and to avoid capitalist actors, namely those who accumulate capital above the interests of the Tanzanian people. Tanzania puts forward socialist-democratist policies focusing on 1) the absence of exploitation, 2) control of production by the government and workers, and 3) upholding democracy. However, during the era of President John Magufuli, cases of mining exploitation by the British companies have increased. Magufuli, who implemented African Socialism through a nationalist economic system failed to remove Tanzania from the category of least developed country. African Socialism should be the country’s development ideology that emphasizes Tanzania’s independence and assertiveness in avoiding the exploitation of neocolonialism. This anomaly directs to the research question on why African Socialism failed to prevent Tanzania’s natural mining resources from being exploited by the British in 2015-2020. The question is examined explanatively with the framework of state failure theory. This paper finds that the Magufuli government was intentiously incorrect in implementing African Socialism, partculary in the context of politics and economy, which exemplifies the form of state-building failure. The failure eased British government and corporate concessions to Tanzania’s mining resources. Keywords: African Socialism, exploitation, United Kingdom, state failure, Tanzania.
Understanding China's Defensive-Moderate Approach to International Relations Yakti, Probo Darono; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Global Strategis Vol. 19 No. 2 (2025): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.19.2.2025.331-352

Abstract

This article reinterprets Chinese foreign policy through the lens of strategic culture by advancing the concept of a defensive-moderate approach, defined as a deliberate blend of assertive defense and restrained diplomacy. While conventional analyses often rely on frameworks such as defensive realism or economic interdependence, this article emphasizes the formative role of Confucian values, including harmony, hierarchical order, and moral governance, in shaping China’s external behavior. Drawing on original research from a doctoral dissertation examining China’s interactions with the United States and India, this article explains how these values are internalized by elites, institutionalized in policy discourse, and manifested in practices such as preference for multilateralism, non-intervention, and calibrated responses to conflict. Through empirical illustrations from the Belt and Road Initiative, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and border management strategies, this article argues that China’s foreign policy is not merely reactive or materially driven but reflects a culturally informed strategic posture. This perspective challenges rationalist models of state behavior and offers a more nuanced understanding of China’s role in global affairs by highlighting the importance of socially constructed norms in foreign policy decision-making. Keywords: Strategic Culture, China, Confucianism, Foreign Policy, Defensive-Moderate Artikel ini menafsirkan ulang kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok melalui lensa budaya strategis dengan mengajukan konsep pendekatan defensif-moderat, yang didefinisikan sebagai perpaduan yang cermat antara pertahanan asertif dan diplomasi tertahan. Sementara analisis konvensional sering mengandalkan kerangka seperti realisme defensif atau ketergantungan ekonomi, artikel ini menekankan peran nilai-nilai Konfusianisme seperti harmoni, tatanan hierarkis, dan pemerintahan bermoral dalam membentuk perilaku eksternal Tiongkok. Berdasarkan riset orisinal dari disertasi doktoral yang mengkaji hubungan Tiongkok dengan Amerika Serikat dan India, artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana nilai-nilai tersebut diinternalisasi oleh para elite, dilembagakan dalam wacana kebijakan, dan diwujudkan dalam praktik seperti preferensi terhadap multilateralisme, non-intervensi, serta respons yang terukur terhadap konflik. Melalui contoh empiris dari Belt and Road Initiative, Organisasi Kerja Sama Shanghai, dan strategi pengelolaan perbatasan, artikel ini berargumen bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok tidak sematamata bersifat reaktif atau didorong oleh kepentingan material, melainkan mencerminkan postur strategis yang didasarkan pada budaya. Perspektif ini menantang model-model rasionalis tentang perilaku negara dan menawarkan pemahaman yang lebih bernuansa mengenai peran Tiongkok dalam politik global dengan menyoroti pentingnya norma-norma sosial yang dikonstruksi dalam pengambilan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri. K Kata-kata Kunci: Strategic Culture, Tiongkok, Konfusianisme, Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Defensif-Moderat
Tracing the strategic roots of Confucianism in China’s contemporary foreign policy Yakti, Probo Darono; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati; Wicaksana, I Gede Wahyu; Afdholy, Nadya
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Vol. 38 No. 2 (2025): Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mkp.V38I22025.202-214

Abstract

As China asserts its global role, principles such as harmony (hé), benevolence (rén), and the doctrine of the mean (zhōng yōng) increasingly influence its diplomatic behavior. These values form the basis of what this study calls a “Defensive-Moderate Confucian Approach,” integrating strategic culture, constructivism, defensive realism, and soft power. This article examines how Confucian strategic values shape China’s foreign policy, particularly under Xi Jinping’s leadership. Through case studies of China’s relations with the United States and India, the paper highlights how Confucian ethics guide both cooperative projects like the Belt and Road Initiative and calibrated responses in territorial disputes. While contradictions between moral ideals and strategic interests occasionally emerge, Confucianism remains a key reference in shaping China’s pursuit of order and stability. The article argues that China’s international conduct cannot be fully explained by materialist frameworks alone. Instead, Confucian thought offers a culturally grounded lens for interpreting its foreign policy choices. By doing so, the study contributes to broader discussions in International Relations and Chinese Studies on the enduring impact of historical values in contemporary global politics.
Co-Authors Galuh, Ni Made Kayika I Gede Wahyu Wicaksana, I Gede Wahyu Nadya Afdholy Probo Darono Yakti