Munawar, Zaid
Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surakarta

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Pengelolaan Pajak di Kerajaan Mataram Islam Masa Sultan Agung, 1613-1645 M Zaid Munawar
JUSPI (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam) Vol 4, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : UIN Sumatera Utara Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/juspi.v4i1.7251

Abstract

Artikel ini mengkaji pengelolaan pajak di Kerajaan Mataram Islam masa Sultan Agung, 1613-1645 M. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa bentuk pengelolaan pajak yang dilakukan di Kerajaan Mataram Islam. Pertama, mengatur birokrasi kepengurusan pajak yang didasarkan pada sistem perwilayahan. Di pusat kerajaan pengelolaan pajak diawasi oleh raja secara langsung, di wilayah negara agung dikelola oleh pejabat dari tingkat bekel, demang, bupati, wedana, hingga patih, di wilayah mancanegara dikelola oleh Tumenggung, dan di wilayah pasisiran dikelola oleh Syahbandar. Kedua, menentukan jenis dan besaran pajak yang harus diserahkan kepada kerajaan, seperti pajak penduduk, pajak tanah, pajak upeti, dan pajak bea cukai barang dan jasa. Ketiga, membentuk lembaga keuangan kerajaan, yaitu wedana gedung kiwa dan wedana gedung tengen untuk mengurusi pemasukan kerajaan. Keempat, mengatur arus distribusi kekayaan kerajaan untuk menggaji para pekerja istana, memberi modal usaha kepada petani, mendukung peperangan, dan membeli barang-barang kebutuhan istana.
Tanah, Otoritas Politik, dan Stabilitas Ekonomi Kerajaan Mataram Islam (1613-1645 M) Zaid Munawar
Diakronika Vol 21 No 1 (2021): DIAKRONIKA
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (369.084 KB) | DOI: 10.24036/diakronika/vol21-iss1/163

Abstract

This article examines issues of land, political authority, and economic stability of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom during the reign of Sultan Agung (1613-1645 AD). This study uses the historical method by carrying out steps such as topic selection, heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography. This research shows that Sultan Agung as a king has full authority over land management in the entire territory of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom. So that the land can be managed properly, the Sultan Agung divides the land based on concentric circles of the territory, both in the territory of the Negara Agung, Mancanegara, and Pasisiran in order to build a community under the auspices of his government. There are three types of land that are known in this division, namely narawita land (land in the core area of ​​the kingdom which is used as agricultural land and plantations to produce rice, flowers, grass, oil, etc. for palace purposes), lungguh/apanage land (land in the territory of the Negara Agung, Mancanegara, and Pasisiran distributed to the nobles and royal officials as land salaries for their role in the continuity of the administration, and perdikan land (village land in which there are royal sacred buildings, such as places of worship, tombs, and the like, which are exempt from taxation as given to religious leaders (ulama and penghulu). These lands are mainly managed for agriculture as the most important economic source for the kingdom. The maximization of land management is able to have a positive impact on economic stability and governance in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom. Keywords: Land, Political Authority, Economic Stability, Islamic Mataram Kingdom Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji tentang persoalan tanah, otoritas politik, dan stabilitas ekonomi Kerajaan Mataram Islam pada masa kekuasaaan Sultan Agung (1613-1645 M). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan melakukan langkah-langkah seperti pemilihan topik, heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sultan Agung sebagai seorang raja memiliki otoritas penuh terhadap pengelolaan tanah di seluruh wilayah kekuasaan Kerajaan Mataram Islam. Agar tanah tersebut dapat dikelola dengan baik, maka Sultan Agung membagi tanah berdasarkan lingkaran konsentris wilayah kekuasaan, baik di wilayah Negara Agung, Mancanegara maupun Pasisiran demi membangun masyarakat yang berada dalam naungan pemerintahannya. Ada tiga jenis tanah yang dikenal dalam pembagian tersebut, yaitu tanah narawita (tanah di wilayah inti kerajaan yang digunakan sebagai tanah pertanian dan perkebunan agar menghasilkan padi, bunga, rumput, minyak, dan lain-lain untuk keperluan istana), tanah lungguh/apanage (tanah di wilayah Negara Agung, Mancanegara dan Pasisiran yang didistribusikan kepada para bangsawan dan pejabat tinggi kerajaan sebagai tanah gaji atas perannya terhadap kelangsungan jalannya pemerintahan), dan tanah perdikan (tanah desa yang di dalamnya terdapat bangunan suci kerajaan, seperti tempat ibadah, makam, dan semacamnya, yang dibebaskan dari pungutan pajak sebagaimana diberikan kepada para tokoh agama (ulama dan penghulu). Tanah-tanah tersebut dikelola terutama untuk pertanian sebagai sumber ekonomi terpenting bagi kerajaan. Maksimalisasi pengelolaan tanah tersebut mampu memberikan dampak positif bagi stabilitas ekonomi dan pemerintahan di Kerajaan Mataram Islam. Kata Kunci: Tanah, Otoritas Politik, Stabilitas Ekonomi, Kerajaan Mataram Islam
Sultan Agung's Cultural Insights: Reflections of Javanese Insights *Zaid Munawar; Sucipto Sucipto
Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities Vol 5, No 2 (2022): Agustus 2022, History, Learning Strategy, Economic History and Social Knowledge
Publisher : Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jr.v5i2.27151

Abstract

Sultan Agung is the greatest king in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom. He is not only talented in politics and economics, but also in the cultural arena. This article aims to examine the cultural insight of Sultan Agung in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom. That is how Sultan Agung's efforts in developing Javanese culture are closely related to Islamization in Java. This study uses a qualitative approach and historical methods. The results of the study show that Sultan Agung's cultural insight reflects the insight of the Javanese who are always willing to accept the entry of cultural elements from outside to enrich the culture they already have. With his insight, Sultan Agung was able to integrate Javanese culture with foreign culture. Among the cultural products developed by Sultan Agung are: creating legitimacy of genealogies connected to great figures, such as the Prophet Adam, the gods, the puppet king, to the king of Majapahit; create legitimacy of king titles, such as Penembahan Agung, Susuhunan, Sultan, and Khalifatullah Sayyidin Panatagama; establish a government position structure based on Islam through the Penghuluan Institution (Reh Pangulon); developing Javanese literature and language in the form of chronicles and Gendhing literature; developing the art of building, carving, painting, and music with a blend of Hindu and Islamic elements; revive the Sekaten Celebration which has developed since pre-Islamic times by updating its ceremonial equipment; and created the Javanese Islamic Calendar.
The Emergence of Student-Writers in Surakarta: Combating Religious Radicalism Among Youth in the Digital Age Zaid Munawar; Muhammad Ishom
Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam (Journal of Islamic Education Studies) Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): July 2023
Publisher : UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/jpai.2023.11.1.45-70

Abstract

The rise of religious radicalism among young people in the Soloraya region has been greatly influenced by digital technology. Efforts to address this issue have emerged from student-writers in Surakarta. This research aims to examine the emergence of these student-writers in Surakarta, their responses to religious radicalism, the discussions on Islam within their community, and their methods of outreach in the digital era. Netnography was never applied to gather and examine data from online sources like websites and social media platforms. The findings reveal that student-writers started their involvement in 2017 through the establishment of the Center for the Study and Development of Islamic Boarding Schools (PKPPN) at IAIN Surakarta. Their discussions focus on unearthing the values of wisdom and Islamic moderation within the pesantren tradition, emphasizing principles like moderation, tolerance, equality, anti-violence, and patriotism. They have initiated the Literacy of Refined and Tolerant Islam (LISaN) program to promote a refined and tolerant form of Islam in daily life, both offline and online. This initiative aims to counteract the surge of religious radicalism among young people connected to the digital world.