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All Journal Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Amerta Nutrition
Al Khairiyah, Hanifah
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Correlation between Blood Glucose Level and Short-Term Memory Score among 4th and 5th Grades of Primary School Children in Bogor, Indonesia Al Khairiyah, Hanifah; Hardinsyah, Hardinsyah; Dewi, Mira Dewi
Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Vol. 17 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : The Food and Nutrition Society of Indonesia in collaboration with the Department of Community Nutrition, IPB University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (279.85 KB) | DOI: 10.25182/jgp.2022.17.1.1-10

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the correlation between Blood Glucose levels (BG) and Short-Term Memory scores (STM) among primary school children in Bogor, as controlled by Socioeconomic Status (SES), BMI-for-age (BAZ), Hemoglobin (Hb), folate, and vitamin B12 levels. It was a cross-sectional study applied for 915 students of the 4th–5th grades from 16 primary schools in the suburban area of the Cijeruk district. Morning blood samples were drawn from venous puncture of the inner arm. The specimens were then transported to laboratories to analyze the BG (hexokinase methods), Hb (non-cyanide Hb), as well as folate, and vitamin B12 using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. The STM was obtained through an object recall test performed by trained psychologists. The actual body weight and height were measured to determine BAZ. The characteristics of subjects and their SES were collected through interviews and structured questionnaires. Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were performed to compare differences between variables that were grouped by genders. Correlations between predictors and predicted variables were analyzed using simple logistic regression for the bivariates analysis and a binary logistic regression test for the multivariate analysis. There were significant differences in BAZ, BG, and STM between boys and girls (p<0.05). Most of the subject's BAZ was normal (85.2%). About 50.9% of subjects had normal Hb, 99.8% had folate deficiency, 47.8% had normal vitamin B12 level, and 54.9% had good STM score. There was no significant correlation between BAZ, Hb, folate, and vitamin B12 level with STM (p≥0.05), respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between BG and STM (p<0.05; OR=1.583; 95% CI:1.067−2.348) after being controlled by BAZ, subject’s characteristic, and SES. In conclusion, optimum blood glucose level improved the STM in primary school children. Therefore, provision of balanced diet, more especially breakfast, for school children is highly important.
Perbedaan Status Gizi dan Malnutrisi Mikronutrien pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Usia 8–13 Tahun di Bogor, Indonesia: Differences in the Nutritional and Micronutrient Malnutrition Status Among Primary School Children Aged 8–13 Years in Bogor, Indonesia Al Khairiyah, Hanifah; Hardinsyah, Hardinsyah; Dewi, Mira; Alamsyah, Putri Rahmah; Riawan, Agus
Amerta Nutrition Vol. 9 No. 4 (2025): AMERTA NUTRITION (Bilingual Edition)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v9i4.2025.586-595

Abstract

Background: Indonesia is experiencing a triple burden of malnutrition, defined as the coexistence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. The majority of previous research has focused on the first 1000 days of life, while studies on school-age children remain limited, despite this developmental period being crucial for determining future health and well-being. Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the prevalence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies among primary school children in Bogor, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 915 fourth- and fifth-grade students who were selected for inclusion. The collected data encompassed individual characteristics, family socioeconomic status, anthropometric measurements (actual body weight, height, and skinfold thickness), and blood biomarkers. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI-for-age (BMI/A), body fat percentage (Slaughter equation), hemoglobin levels (non-cyanide method), and serum concentrations of vitamin A and B12 (Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, LCMS). Results: The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was 2.4%, overnutrition (overweight and obesity) was 12.4%, and high body fat was 12.8%. Micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent, with 40.1% of subjects experiencing anemia, 18.6% exhibiting vitamin A deficiency, and 52.2% demonstrating vitamin B12 deficiency. No statistically significant differences were found in nutritional status between boys and girls, as measured by BMI/A and blood biomarkers. However, girls had significantly higher body fat percentages (p-value<0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies was found to exceed that of both undernutrition and overnutrition. Further research is needed to explore the underlying factors contributing to these nutritional issues, considering various covariates. Targeted and specific interventions are critical in order to prevent and address the triple burden of malnutrition among primary school children in Bogor, Indonesia.
Co-Authors Agus Riawan Alamsyah, Putri Rahmah Dewi, Mira Dewi Hardinsyah