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Fitri, Alfa
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Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Presidential Threshold dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak: Kemunduran Demokrasi Konstitusional? Fitri, Alfa
Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia Vol 19, No 1 (2022): Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia - Maret 2022
Publisher : Direktorat Jenderal Peraturan Perundang-undang, Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54629/jli.v19i1.900

Abstract

Indonesia sejak perubahan UUD 1945 yang dilaksanakan tahun 1999-2002 telah memilih sistem Presidensial dalam praktik ketatanegaraan. Konsekuensi logis sistem Presidensial adalah Presiden tidak lagi sebagai mandataris Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, melainkan langsung sebagai mandataris dari rakyat yang dipilih secara langsung sebagai bentuk Demokrasi. Presidential threshold yang dipilih sebagai upaya penguatan sistem Presidensial yang diterapkan pada pemilihan umum serentak menjadi pilihan pembentuk undang-undang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang digabungkan dengan pendekatan konseptual dan memanfaatkan data kualitatif bersifat sekunder. Penelitian ini akan menyimpulkan, pertama, bagaimana penerapan dan pengaruh Presidential Threshold dalam pemilihan umum serentak. Kedua, bagaimana pandangan konstitusional terhadap Presidential Threshold dalam pemilihan umum serentak.
DIALEKTIKA PERBEDAAN INTERPRETASI UMBRELLA CLAUSE DALAM BILLATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES SEBAGAI PERLINDUNGAN INVESTOR DALAM PUTUSAN ARBITRASE ICSID SGS V. PAKISTAN DAN SGS V. PHILIPPINE Fitri, Alfa
UNES Law Review Vol. 5 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v5i4.749

Abstract

Investor-state dispute settlement in current developments has become a problem that often arises in international investment affairs. There are two different objectives, where investors aim to get the maximum profitability and host states aim to benefit from investment while taking into account the national interest in the country. However, the difference in objectives still has something in common, namely investors and host states have equal treatment of their respective rights protected by Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) or Contractual Commitments which ultimately conflict gives birth to disputes. The umbrela clause is present in the BIT between the parties as an effort to provide protection for related investments from forms of breach of contract that occur. However, problems arise when two ICSID rulings are born from which give different interpretations of the umbrella clause. This paper is doctrinal with secondary qualitative data collection. The problem approach used in this study is a conceptual approach, by examining the umbrella clause both from previous arbitration awards and expert opinions.This study resulted in conclusions that emphasized the breakfast theory of jurisprudence as the main factor that determines judges in making different interpretations of umbrella clause
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