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All Journal Brawijaya Law Journal : Journal of Legal Studies Indikator: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen & Bisnis Indonesian Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Zreik, Mohamad
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Religion Humanities Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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 1 
Historical Developments of China's Xinjiang Province or Western Region Zreik, Mohamad
Indikator: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis Vol 6, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/indikator.v6i2.15069

Abstract

In this study, the author examines the history of Xinjiang, which has since become a province of China and a vital component of the mainland's culture. This research is entirely based on secondary sources using historical research methods. In addition to the analytical descriptive technique, the functional approach was allotted. According to the findings, ethnic and religious diversity abounds in Xinjiang. Even though Xinjiang has been the site of several conflicts and invasions, the Silk Road has made it a more vital commercial route for the region's ethnic groups and neighboring countries. Xinjiang's residents followed a variety of faiths, including Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Islam.
Tibetan Buddhism: artistic, literary, and social legacy Zreik, Mohamad
IJORESH Indonesian Journal of Religion Spirituality and Humanity Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): Indonesian Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity
Publisher : Postgraduate Program of State Islamic University (UIN) Salatiga Jl. Lingkar Salatiga Km. 02 Salatiga, Indonesia https://pps.uinsalatiga.ac.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/ijoresh.v3i1.25-52

Abstract

Since the 7th century, Tibetan culture and society have been profoundly influenced by Buddhism. This paper aims to explore how Buddhism has shaped Tibetan aesthetics, music, literature, and social structures and to understand its enduring role in Tibetan identity and history. Employing a qualitative research methodology that includes historical analysis, textual interpretation, and ethnographic studies, the paper investigates the development of a unique Tibetan aesthetic tradition, the establishment of monasteries and the monastic system, and the translation and creation of Buddhist texts. Findings reveal that Buddhism has significantly impacted Tibetan art by fostering the creation of intricate religious art forms like thangkas and mandalas, which are central to Tibetan Buddhist practice and reflect a profound spiritual connection between art and religion. The influence of Buddhism on Tibetan literature is evident in the rich body of original, translated, and adapted texts that have shaped Tibetan literary culture and transmitted Buddhist values and philosophies. Furthermore, Buddhism's centrality in Tibetan society is underscored by the establishment of monasteries and the monastic system, which have been pivotal in preserving Tibetan heritage and culture, providing essential services, and acting as beacons of learning and compassion within the community. The paper recommends further research into the specific ways Buddhist philosophy has influenced Tibetan art and music, the impact of various Buddhist canonical texts on Tibetan literature, and the continuing influence of Buddhism on modern Tibetan society.
Energy transition and sustainable development in Malaysia: Steering towards a greener future Ghosn, Fadi; Zreik, Mohamad; Awad, Ghina; Karouni, George
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 13, No 3 (2024): May 2024
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2024.60110

Abstract

In the evolving landscape of global energy dynamics, Malaysia stands as a pivotal example of a nation actively transitioning towards renewable energy and sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Malaysia's energy sector transformation, underpinned by the government's commitment to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. The objective of this research is to delve into the intricacies, opportunities, and challenges of steering Malaysia towards a greener future, with a particular focus on the shift from reliance on fossil fuels to the adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study synthesizes existing literature, policy documents, and case studies to examine the current state and historical context of energy use in Malaysia, analyze government initiatives and policy frameworks, explore technological advancements, and assess the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the energy transition. Results indicate that despite facing challenges such as financial investment, technological advancement, and public acceptance, collaborative efforts between the government, private sector, and communities have led to significant progress in promoting renewable energy. The paper concludes that Malaysia's energy transition represents a critical step towards achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation, setting a precedent for sustainable development in the Southeast Asian region. This transition is not only essential for climate change mitigation but also presents opportunities for economic diversification, energy security, and social inclusivity. The study ultimately calls for continued innovation, supportive policies, and international cooperation to overcome remaining barriers and fully realize the potential of renewable energy in Malaysia.
The Role of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in Sea Rescue Operations in the Mediterranean: Legal Challenges and International Obligations Zreik, Mohamad; Haron, Nazatul Faizah
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2025): Protecting People Crossing Border in The Context of International Migration La
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2025.012.01.03

Abstract

Since 2015, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has played a crucial role in conducting search-and-rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea, rescuing migrants and refugees fleeing conflict, poverty, and persecution in regions like North Africa and the Middle East. MSF’s humanitarian missions, aimed at saving lives, have often been met with criticism and legal challenges from European authorities, who accuse NGOs of encouraging illegal migration. This paper examines the legal complexities surrounding MSF's sea rescue operations, focusing on the tension between humanitarian obligations and state sovereignty. The analysis includes a review of international law of the sea, the principle of non-refoulement under the 1951 Refugee Convention, human rights law, and European Union migration and asylum regulations. By analyzing MSF’s legal battles, this paper explores the intersection of humanitarian action and state control over borders, illustrating the moral and legal dilemmas posed by these missions.
Reconstructing Justice: The Evolution and Application of International Humanitarian Law in Post-Assad Syria Zreik, Mohamad; Caba-Maria, Flavius
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): The Evolution of International Humanitarian Law : Historical Roots to Future D
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2025.012.02.03

Abstract

The Syrian Civil War, spanning over a decade, has been marked by severe violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including indiscriminate attacks on civilians, torture, and the use of chemical weapons. Despite the ousting of President Bashar al-Assad in December 2024, the conflict persists, with new actors and shifting alliances complicating the enforcement of IHL. This paper examines the evolution of IHL in Syria, analyzing key case studies such as the Siege of Eastern Ghouta, the 2025 massacres of Alawites, and the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms. Utilizing a case study methodology, the paper assesses the effectiveness of IHL in mitigating humanitarian crises and explores the challenges and prospects for accountability and reform in the post-Assad era.
Co-Authors Awad, Ghina Caba-Maria, Flavius Ghosn, Fadi Haron, Nazatul Faizah Karouni, George