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Economic Diplomacy as A Subject and Research Agenda: Practical, Conceptual and Methodological Issue Pantri Muthriana Erza Killian
Global Strategis Vol. 15 No. 1 (2021): Global Strategis
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Unair

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.15.1.2021.51-78

Abstract

Dalam kurun waktu 15-20 tahun terakhir, diplomasi ekonomi menjadi salah satu topik riset yang cukup diminati, seiring dengan semakin aktifnya negara-negara di dunia melakukan aktivitas ini. Australia, Jepang, Cina dan Indonesia merupakan contoh negara-negara yang telah melakukan restrukturisasi terhadap instrumen dan arah politik luar negeri untuk mengakomodasi masuknya diplomasi ekonomi sebagai salah satu agenda utama politik luar negerinya. Sayangnya, sebagai suatu kajian baru, diplomasi ekonomi masih mengalami beberapa tantangan utama, khususnya dalam proses pembentukan pengetahuan (knowledge-building process), yang ditandai dengan permasalahan pada tiga aspek utama yakni isu konseptual, metodologis dan alat analisis. Berdasarkan penelusuran terhadap referensi-referensi utamanya, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa diplomasi ekonomi masih membutuhkan konsolidasi di berbagai aspek termasuk definisi, varian/aliran, metode penelitian dan kerangka teori. Lebih lanjut, dikotomi antara studi diplomasi dan ilmu ekonomi – sebagai ilmu induk diplomasi ekonomi – juga menyebabkan polarisasi yang cukup signifikan dan berpengaruh pada perkembangannya sebagai bidang kajian. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengusulkan upaya-upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan ini dan membentuk diplomasi ekonomi sebagai suatu kajian dan agenda riset yang lebih tertata, sistematis, dan komprehensif.Kata-kata kunci: diplomasi ekonomi, diplomasi, diplomasi dagang, diplomasi komersialWithin the last 15-20 years, economic diplomacy has emerged to become an intriguing research topic, in line with states’ growing practice in this activity. Australia, Japan, China, and Indonesia are amongst the states who had restructured their instruments and foreign policy directions to incorporate economic diplomacy as an integral part of it. However, as a new research area, economic diplomacy faces several challenges in its knowledge-building process, most notably in formulating the conceptual, methodological, and analytical basis of the study. By tracing the core references of economic diplomacy, this paper finds that, as a research agenda, economic diplomacy lacks consolidation regarding its definition, variants/strands, research methods dan theoretical models. Moreover, the rigid dichotomy between diplomacy and economy – as the knowledge base of economic diplomacy – creates a significant polarisation, affecting economic diplomacy’s development as a new research field. Therefore, this paper seeks to introduce ways to overcome these problems and develop economic diplomacy as a more systematic and comprehensive research agenda.Keywords: economic diplomacy, diplomacy, trade diplomacy, commercial diplomacy
ASEAN’s External Economic Relations and the Limits of Its Economic Diplomacy Pantri Muthriana Erza Killian
Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Vol 6 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (432.349 KB) | DOI: 10.24198/intermestic.v6n2.4

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to outline the multiple facets of ASEAN’s external economic relations (EER), loosely termed as ASEAN economic diplomacy. In doing so, this article builds on two main frameworks: strands of economic diplomacy and general framework of economic diplomacy and employs research interviews and documentary analysis as the main research method. Findings suggest that ASEAN is most advanced in its trade diplomacy, relying on the ASEAN-plus scheme. ASEAN also displays an interesting pattern in their trade diplomacy, since it is mostly aimed at achieving political goals rather than economic ones. The main reason for this is because ASEAN member states can actually achieve larger economic gains by negotiating individually rather than collectively through ASEAN. However, ASEAN still faces limitations in doing collective negotiations due to its regional development gap, different levels of economic ambition, absence of a common external tariff and the lack of a regional negotiator acting on behalf of ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN, economic diplomacy, external economic relations, trade diplomacy
Limitations in the Effectiveness of United States Economic Sanctions in Altering Russian Behavior in the Russia -Ukraine Conflict, 2014 -2022 Azizah Amalia; Pantri Muthriana Erza Killian; Dewa Ayu Putu Eva Wishanti
Journal of Mathematics Instruction, Social Research and Opinion Vol. 5 No. 3 (2026): September
Publisher : MASI Mandiri Edukasi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58421/misro.v5i3.1817

Abstract

Economic sanctions are widely used as instruments of international coercion, yet their ability to generate political compliance remains contested. The Russia -Ukraine conflict provides an important case because extensive U.S. sanctions imposed against Russia since 2014 have created significant economic pressure but have not resulted in substantial changes in Russian strategic behavior. This study addresses the gap in sanctions research by examining why economic costs do not always translate into behavioral change. This study aims to explain the limited effectiveness of U.S. economic sanctions against Russia during the 2014 - 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and to identify the factors enabling Russia to resist sanctions pressure. Using a qualitative explanatory approach with an embedded single-case study design, this research analyzes documentary data from government documents, international organizations, academic publications, and institutional reports. Data were examined through directed qualitative content analysis and process tracing based on Drezner’s economic coercion framework. The findings show that U.S. sanctions were effective in imposing economic costs by restricting Russia’s access to finance, technology acquisition, and international economic integration. However, their effectiveness in producing behavioral change remained limited because Russia developed adaptive capacities through energy revenues, reserve management, import substitution, domestic institutional adjustment, and economic cooperation with non-Western partners. This study concludes that sanctions should not be evaluated solely by whether they produce political compliance. Instead, sanctions may succeed in imposing costs and constraining capabilities while failing to alter state behavior. The study contributes to economic coercion literature by highlighting the importance of target-state resilience, adaptation mechanisms, and strategic expectations in determining sanctions outcomes.