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LATAR BELAKANG, WARNA DASAR, DAN PENGARUH REFORMASI PROTESTAN TAHUN 1517 | BACKGROUND, BASIC CONTOURS AND IMPACT OF THE 1517 PROTESTANT REFORMATION George Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 16, No 2 (2017): SAMPAH
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

Abstract: This article illustrates the background of. and reasons for, the Reformation, the basic contours of Luther’s theology and the Reformation movement he initiated, and the influence of the Reformation movement on the present situation. A brief description of the post-Reformation inter-Christian Church controversies for approximately 400 years is also presented, highlighting the fact that the theology of the time was unaware of the contextual influence of a text as the deepest reason for the controversy. The hermeneutical consciousness of the twentieth century led theology to overcome various inter-Christian Church controversies by showing that different and seemingly contradictory formulas could express the same truth, provided that each was placed in its original context. The author proposes as an example of the influence of the events of the Reformation on the present situation, the very important issue of religious freedom in situations such as Indonesia with a variety of religions and beliefs. In concluding the author gives advice on how different Christian Churches can learn from each other, so that they remain active in renewing the Church according to the ecclesia semper reformanda principle. Keywords: Reformation, Martin Luther, ecumenical, interChristian Church relationship, World Council of Churches. Abstrak: Artikel ini menggambarkan latar belakang dan alasan peristiwa Reformasi, warna dasar teologi Luther dan gerakan Reformasi yang dibangunnya, serta pengaruh gerakan Reformasi terhadap situasi dewasa ini. Deskripsi singkat kontroversi antar-Gereja Kristen pasca-Reformasi selama kurang lebih 400 tahun juga dimuat di sini dengan menampilkan kenyataan bahwa teologi waktu itu tidak menyadari pengaruh konteks atas suatu teks sebagai alasan terdalam lahirnya kontroversi itu. Kesadaran hermeneutis membuat teologi pada abad XX itu sanggup mengatasi pelbagai kontroversi antar-Gereja Kristen dengan membuktikan, rumusan yang berbeda dan bertentangan bisa menyatakan kebenaran yang sama, asalkan masing-masing ditempatkan dalam konteksnya yang asli. Sebagai suatu contoh pengaruh peristiwa Reformasi atas situasi dewasa ini, pengarang mengemukakan kebebasan beragama yang sangat penting dalam situasi seperti di Indonesia dengan anekaragam agama dan kepercayaan. Pada tempat terakhir penulis memberikan anjuran tentang bagaimana Gereja-gereja Kristen yang berbeda bisa saling belajar, agar mereka tetap aktif membarui Gereja seturut prinsip ecclesia semper reformanda. Kata-kata kunci: reformasi, Martin Luther, ekumene, relasi antar-Gereja Kristen, World Council of Churches.

Bolehkah Gereja-Gereja Kristen Tetap Terpisah? George Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 15, No 2 (2016): Lima Ratus Tahun Reformasi Protestan
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

The author starts from the clear statement of the Second Vatican Council,“that the Church is a single flock, there are not many Churches. God established a single Church by sending His Son and the Spirit”. Today, the “separated” Churches”, are in real communion, although the communion is not yet complete. Through baptism all Christians, in each of the Christian Chruches, are members of the one Body of Christ. This is a strong bond and has to be taken as more resilient than any differences that may diminish unity. Therefore we must ask: what must be regarded as a difference that is significant enough to grant one the right to deem one’s Church as still separated? This article outlines the eight theses of Heinrich Fries and Karl Rahner where they show, with detalied argumentation, that today the Christian Churches can come together in communion. The article draws to the conclusion that the Christian Church has a moral obligation to live in a communion that is already possible, and has no right to state that the Churches can remain separated from each other. Keywords: Reformation, church unity, separated church ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Penulis artikel ini bertolak dari penegasan Konsili Vatikan II “bahwa Gereja itu merupakan satu kawanan, tidak ada Gereja-gereja Allah dalam bentuk jamak, Allah hanya mendirikan satu Gereja melalui perutusan Putra dan Roh-Nya”. Semua Gereja yang sekarang ini masih “terpisah”, berada dalam suatu persekutuan yang sungguh riil, meskipun tidak sepenuhnya. Melalui sakramen baptis semua orang Kristen dari semua Gereja Kristen menjadi anggota pada satu tubuh Kristus. Inilah suatu ikatan yang sangat kuat dan pada dasarnya mesti dianggap lebih utama dari pelbagai perbedaan yang mengurangi persekutuan itu. Oleh karena itu mesti ditanya, apa yang bisa dianggap sebagai perbedaan yang cukup besar untuk memberikan hak, untuk tetap menyatakan diri sebagai Gereja terpisah. Sebagian besar artikel ini merupakan perkenalan terhadap delapan tesis dari Heinrich Fries dan Karl Rahner, di mana mereka memperlihatkan secara teliti dan argumentatif tesis bahwa sudah saatnya Gereja-gereja Kristen bersatu. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Gereja Kristen mempunyai kewajiban moral untuk hidup dalam persekutuan yang sudah mungkin itu dan tidak lagi mempunyai hak untuk menyatakan diri sebagai Gereja yang terpisah satu sama lain. Kata-kata kunci: Reformasi; Kesatuan Gereja; Gereja terpecah

PROBLEMATIK KEKERASAN DALAM PANDANGAN AGAMA KRISTIANI | THE PROBLEM OF VIOLENCE IN THE VIEW OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION George Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 17, No 1 (2018): RADIKALISME
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

Abstract : This article intends to consider the relationship between violence and the sacred, using as a starting point a theory espoused by Rene Girard. According to this theory, Girard demonstrates that violence happens because human beings imitate others in determining a desired object. Because of that imitation, a conflict arises between those who possess the same object. This conflict is calmed-down by transferring the reciprical aggression onto a specific group that becomes the scape-goat, to be sacrificed. The ritual of sacrifice is institutionalised in religion. In this way, religion can channel aggression, but it can also hide human violence, by exoressing violence towards the person of God. Following on, Christian revelation is pictured as being a process, in which God reveals Godself in a true attitude, and demonstrates that the violence expressed is between human beings and not towards God. In summary, the Christian religion can be a religion of salvation when it truly studies and proclaims a picture of God as revealed in Judeo-Christian revelation, climaxed in the person of Jesus of Nazareth. Keywords: Rene Girard, scape-goat; Jesus as the universal scape-goat; Christian revelation; violence and religion. Abstrak : Artikel ini mau meneliti relasi antara kekerasan dan kekeramatan dengan bertolak dari satu teori yang diciptakan oleh René Girard. Dalam teori itu Girard memperlihatkan kekerasan terjadi, karena manusia meniru orang lain dalam menentukan objek yang diinginkan. Karena peniruan itu, terjadilah konflik antara orang yang memilih objek yang sama. Konflik itu diredakan dengan mengalihkan semua agresi timbal balik dalam suatu kelompok kepada satu kambing hitam yang menjadi korban. Ritual korban itu diinstitusionalisasi dalam agama. Dengan demikian agama bisa menyalurkan agresi, tetapi juga menyembunyikan agresi antara manusia dalam kekerasan pada diri Allah. Selanjutnya wahyu kristiani digambarkan sebagai proses, di dalamnya Allah memperkenalkan diri dalam sikap yang benar dan memperlihatkan, agresi itu ada di antara manusia dan bukan dalam diri Allah. Kesimpulannya, agama kristiani bisa menjadi agama penyelamatan bila secara sungguh mempelajari dan mewartakan gambaran tentang Allah yang dinyatakan dalam wahyu Yahudi-Kristen dengan puncaknya dalam diri Yesus dari Nazaret. Kata kunci: René Girard; teori kambing hitam; Yesus sebagai kambing hitam universal; wahyu kristiani; kekerasan dan agama

Konsili Vatikan II Ortodoks atau Anti-Kristus? Ulasan tentang Kritik Kalangan Konservatif terhadap Konsili Vatikan II Georg Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 19, No 2 (2020): Jurnal Ledalero
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

This article is based on a video by a conservative group in Indonesia that describes the position of Archbishop Vigano and has been circulating in Indonesia recently. The video argues that the Second Vatican Council left the true Church of Jesus Christ and created the Antichrist Church. In particular, they reject the teachings set forth in the Nostra Aetate decree regarding the truths contained in non-Christian religions and also the position regarding religious freedom as taught in the Dignitatis Humanae declaration. Because they do not agree with the basic direction of the teachings of the Second Vatican Council, they also demand that all council documents be canceled. This article responds to this conservative position by asserting and showing that the Church of Jesus Christ is not always the same, but Jesus brought a spirit into the world and the people who live according to that spirit must always seek new institutional forms in accordance with the development of society. It is according to this basic view that the conservative position is corrected by showing some of the historical facts and developments of theology throughout the history of the Church. Keywords: Archbishop Vigano; Second Vatican Council; Nostra Aetate; freedom of religion; Church of Jesus Christ

Konsep Etos Global Hans Küng dan Relevansinya terhadap Upaya Dialog Antaragama di Indonesia Georg Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 21, No 1 (2022): Jurnal Ledalero
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

In the first place this article describes the background for the global ethos declared by the parliament of world religions in Chicago in 1993. That background is the parliament of religions itself and Hans Küng, the originator of the global ethos project, who with his team at Tübingen wrote the draft for the declaration. After that, the contents of the declaration on global ethos are discussed according to the two principles and five values put forward. In the second part, reflections are made on the relevance of this declaration on global ethos for interreligious dialogue in Indonesia. This ethos can only be implemented in a long process in which each religion explores its respective tradition to find the motivation for implementing that ethos. The results of this research and deepening need to be shared between religions in dialogue, which helps them to complement and support each other. Finally, it is emphasized that the Indonesian Philosophy and Theology Association should participate in intellectual research on the values of global ethos from a Christian perspective and should form networks with research institutes and universities from other religions to further promote understanding and working together between different religions in Indonesia and Asia. Keywords: Parliament of world religions, global ethos, Hans Küng, AFTI, interreligious dialogue

DINAMIKA INTERAKSI ANTARA GERAKAN DAN INSTITUSI. Gerakan Koperasi Kredit (dapat) Menjiwai Gereja dan Negara George Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 13, No 2 (2014): Gerakan Sosial untuk Perubahan Sosial
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

This essay looks at the dynamics between movement and institution, where each movement has to ripen in an institution and each institution has to be loosened again and again by new movements and inspirations. The author wishes to outline the dynamics between movement and institution by focusing on the credit union movement. At the beginning the development of the Church from a charismatic movement to an institution is outlined, which in time became extremely rigid. Then, the industrial revolution in the 19 century is looked at with its spirit of liberalism which produced the plight of the workers, which in turn triggered socialist movements which to overcome their plight by changing society radically. The appearance of the social teaching of the Church is seen as an effort to overcome the impasse of these two forces in the industrial revolution. On this background appeared the credit union movement, which embodied a number of the fundamental principles of the social teaching of the Church and is able to become an agent to loosen the structure of the Church hierarchy and support efforts in the country to hold back neo-liberalism and nurture democracy. In taking up the case of the largest credit union on Flores Island, the essay shows how the CU itself lies between the tension between movement and institutionalisation, while pointing out what needs to be done that this tension is maintained creatively, so that the CU is able to offer its spirit to the Church, and support democratisation in the country. Kata-kata kunci: credit union, gerakan, Gereja, koperasi, institusi, struktur

HANS KÜNG DAN JOSEPH RATZINGER – DUA PANDANGAN TENTANG YESUS KRISTUS Georg Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 20, No 2 (2021): Jurnal Ledalero Edisi Desember 2021
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

Hans Küng and Joseph Ratzinger are two well-known figures whose biography runs parallel to the end of the Second Vatican Council, but since the 1970s they have been sharply separated and since then they have developed into representatives of the two currents of development in the Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council. In this article the author describes the characteristics of their respective views on Jesus Christ. Hans Küng's views are described according to the concise description in the book “20 Thesen zum Christsein” and his views are summarized under the title Jesus of Nazareth – an exemplary Man. Meanwhile, Joseph Ratzinger's view is taken from his book Jesus of Nazareth, which was published after Ratzinger became Pope Benedict XVI and is summarized under the title Jesus Christ – the Son of God. After describing the two positions, the writer gives a brief response to the two views. Keywords: Hans Küng, Joseph Ratzinger, christology, historical Jesus, critical historical method.

Dasar Teologis bagi Implementasi Etos Global dalam Perspektif Kristen Guidelbertus Tanga; Georg Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 21, No 2 (2022): Jurnal Ledalero
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

Abstract: This article departs from the declaration of the global ethos, which was declared by the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago, in 1993. It expresses the belief that many people can agree with the principles and values stated in it. After that the question is raised how this ethos can be implemented. To answer this question, the article follows the suggestion of Hans Küng, the initiator of the global ethos, that every religion should investigate its traditions, in order to find a deeper understanding of these values and the motivations that can help to develop attitudes that support these values. So in this article a description is made of the Christian tradition, of God’s law and the essence of sin as a force and as human action. Then the whole history of salvation is described as an attempt from God to introduce himself with His true face as God who wants humans to have life in all the abundance, which therefore can be trusted as the basis and guarantor of human life and existence. Finally follows the conclusion that this truth about God needs to be proclaimed by the Christian Church, so that in response to God’s actions and works, humans can become able to let go selfishness and compulsion to seek as much wealth and power for themselves as possible. So people can become capable of practicing the values as stated in the declaration of the global ethos.Keywords: global ethos, parliament of world religions, God’s law, core power of sin, Paul’s theology, justification, covenant theology.

50 TAHUN DIBUKANYA KONSILI VATIKAN II. Reformasi dan Restorasi George Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 12, No 1 (2013): Tanggal Hujat , Tempuh Dialog : 50 Tahun Konsili Vatikan II
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

To recall the 50th anniversary of the Second Vatican Council, in the first place the author describes the basic texture of the council, namely its spirit of renewal and dialogue and its emphasis upon the church as the people of God. Then follows a brief response to the event itself leading to questions that remain open, mentioning some four groups of issues that were not settled by the council. The next section looks at some limitations in councilar teaching which made implementation difficult in the post-counciliar period. These include the non-awareness of the council participants of the need for legally binding decree, and the way in which, time and again, mutually contradictory statements are placed side by side in the documents without any attempt to relate the two contrary directions implied. By making use of these two weaknesses, the Roman Curia in particular has tried to neutralise a number of reforms, among others, by recentralising the decision making processes of the Catholic Church. One challenge we face 50 years after the council was openned, is to implement the principle of subsidiarity as well and as intensive as possible, and to recall the most fundamental principle in the Catholic Church, namely that each one must follow their conscience. Therefore, in openness to the gospel and conscious of the signs of the times, the struggle for renewal should take place in constructive non-obedience to efforts for restoration being undertaken in a number of quarters. Kata-kata kunci: awam, dialog, Gereja, Injil, pembaruan, persekutuan, restorasi, umat Allah

Teologi Inkulturasi dalam Sejarah Gereja dan Dewasa Ini di Flores, Indonesia Georg Ludwig Kirchberger
Jurnal Ledalero Vol 22, No 1 (2023): JURNAL LEDALERO EDISI JUNI 2023
Publisher : Institut Filsafat dan Teknologi Kreatif Ledalero

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31385/jl.v22i1.342.88-101

This article is based on a book by Emanuel Martasudjita on Inculturation Theology. The author of this article supports thestatement of E. Martasudjita that inculturation of theology is not a new reality, but has been known and practicedthroughout the history of the Church. By expanding on the description given by Martasudjita regarding the stages in thedevelopment of history, the author of the article draws on the basic insight from that history that inculturated theology is notconstructed, but must grow in the reflections made by the faithful about their Christian faith, where they use the way ofthinking, they have according to the culture they live in.From the research on history, it is learned that changes in form in theology often occur based on different favorite ideasheld by different cultures, besides that there has also been the formation of new theology, where people with certain culturalbackgrounds learn theology from other cultures. In this case it is easy to misunderstand which can trigger a long discussionthat results in a new form of expression of the Christian faith.By taking the results of this historical research, the author highlights the situation of practice of faith and reflection of faithin the Flores island in South East Indonesia.Keywords: Inculturation, history of theology, local culture in Flores, Basic Ecclesial Communities

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