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R Sudradjat
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan
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PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI LIMBAH PENGOLAHAN KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI PADAT R Sudradjat; Erra Y; Umi K; Evi K
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 3 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (6361.359 KB) | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.3.227-237

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the characteristic of biogas produced from the wastes of palm-oil solid fermentation processing, the assessment on its potential prospect was also studied. The wastes consist of the mixture of empty bunches, pericarp, and sludge. The mixing ratio in weight was 1.3: 1.2: 1.0 respectively. The conditions implemented in the fermentation process were temperature (55° C), and content of dry matters or substrate (i.e. mixture of empty bunches, pericarp, and sludge) in the fermentation digester (35 %). The fermentation was conducted either in batch or continuous system. The weight ratios between substrate and inoculum were consecutively 25 : 500, 50 : 500, 75 : 500, and 100 : 500.Results revealed that fermentation in the batch system at 25 : 500 ratio as such afforded biogas with the highest yield (145 ml per liter-hour) and the most intense degradation on the organic matters (32.3 % VS). meanwhile, the fermentation using continuous system at 25 : 500 brought out biogas with the highest production (1623.7 ml per liter-d). Keywords : Palm oil processing, wastes, fermentation, substrate, and inoculum.
PEMBUATAN PEREKAT FENOLIK DARI LINDI HITAM YANG DIPEKATKAN DENGAN TANIN ATAU FENOL KRISTAL R Sudradjat; G Pari; M I lskandar
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 2 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (6274.585 KB) | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.2.99-109

Abstract

Phenol  compounds  in  waste  water  of  pulp  and  paper  industry  are  toxic  and  harmful  to  environment.  Phenol  compounds  are  also  an  expensive  chemical  with  wide  range  uses,  such  as  raw  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  phenol  formaldehyde  glue.This  experiment  was  aimed  at  looking  into  appropriate  method  to  cope  with  the  problems  of  black  liquor's  phenol  by  converting  it  to  the  most  valuable  glue  largely  and  widely  used  in  the  plywood  industries,  i.e.  phenol-formaldehyde.  The  experiment  was  divided  into  three  stages,  i.e. (a)  recovery  of  phenol  from  black  liquor  after  distillation;  (b)  selecting  phenol  compounds  from  another  source  as  an  additive  to  increase  the  existing  phenol  concentration    in  the  distilled  black  liquor;  and  (c)  working  out  optimum  phenol  concentration  able  to  develop  maximum  bonding  strength  of  the  phenol-formaldehyde  glue.Phenol compounds investigated as an additive to increase  distilled phenol  concentration are  crystal  phenol  and  tannin.  The  two  additives  were  added  in  ratio  of  1:3,  1:5  and  1:7  (crystal  phenol/tannin  to  distilled  phenol).  After  that,  the  mixture  is  reacted  with  formalin  to  form  phenol  formaldehyde  glue  following  standard  procedure.  The  phenol  formaldehyde  glue  was  applied  to  plywood  and  then  was  analyzed  for  moisture  content,  density  and  bonding  strength.Results  showed  that  phenol  crystal  addition  is  better  than  tannin  due  to  lower  in  moisture,  but  higher  in  density  and  bonding  strength. At  all  mixture  ratio,  tannin  addition  gave  lower  plywood  bonding  strength  compare  to  standard  (14  kg/cm2),  but  phenol  addition  gave  higher  plywood  bonding  strength  (18-24 kg/cm2).  Further  experiment  should  be  conducted  to  use  crystal  phenol  as  an  additive  to  increase  distilled  phenol  concentration.                                                
PENGARUH PEMEKATAN KONSENTRASI FENOL DARI LINDI HITAM DALAM PEMBUATAN PEREKAT FENOL FORMALDEHIDA R Sudradjat; E Yusnita; U Kulsum; E Kusmiati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 2 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (5081.628 KB) | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.2.128-138

Abstract

This investigation was a successive series of experiments aimed at assessing the manufacture of phenol formaldehydeglue utilized the black liquor from soda-process-based pulp mill.At first,  the phenol in the black liquor was concentrated by adding crystal phenol.  The ratios in weight between crystal phenol as added and black liquor were consecutively 1:5, 1:10,  1: 15, 1:20, and 1:25,  and as such yielded the concentrated phenol in the liquor at four levels as well.The results  revealed that efficiency recovery of phenol obtained by vacuum distillation  was 12 percent.  Such efficiency was because most of the phenol  in black liquor was associated with  other elements  in  the lignin  structure  or  other  compounds. The phenol was further  reacted with formaldehyde, and the resulting phenol formaldehyde (PF) used as glue in plywood bonding.Results  revealed that moisture content  of plywood with  PF glue where the phenol was from  the mixture of concent tended black liquor's  phenol  and crystal phenol  varied at  8.80  to 9.61 percent. The moisture contended to increase with the increase in the ratio of crystal phenol to the black liquor distillate.The density of plywood was about 0.5710  - 0.6431  gram per cm3,  and tended to increasewith the increase in the ratio of crystal phenol  as well.                                                                                •The bonding strength  of plywood without boiling-treatment   was in the range of 11.173-23.722 kg per cm2, where by the lowest strength occurred at implementing 1 : 20 ratio (A4) and the highest at 1 : 5(A1). Meanwhile, the bonding-strength test with boiling-treatment  revealed the value at 1.924 - 18.306  kg per cm2 in that the lowest value was at 1 : 25 ratio (A5) and the highest at 1 : 5 ratio (Al).
PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI LIMBAH PENGOLAHAN KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI PADAT R Sudradjat; Erra Y; Umi K; Evi K
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 3 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.3.227-237

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the characteristic of biogas produced from the wastes of palm-oil solid fermentation processing, the assessment on its potential prospect was also studied. The wastes consist of the mixture of empty bunches, pericarp, and sludge. The mixing ratio in weight was 1.3: 1.2: 1.0 respectively. The conditions implemented in the fermentation process were temperature (55° C), and content of dry matters or substrate (i.e. mixture of empty bunches, pericarp, and sludge) in the fermentation digester (35 %). The fermentation was conducted either in batch or continuous system. The weight ratios between substrate and inoculum were consecutively 25 : 500, 50 : 500, 75 : 500, and 100 : 500.Results revealed that fermentation in the batch system at 25 : 500 ratio as such afforded biogas with the highest yield (145 ml per liter-hour) and the most intense degradation on the organic matters (32.3 % VS). meanwhile, the fermentation using continuous system at 25 : 500 brought out biogas with the highest production (1623.7 ml per liter-d). Keywords : Palm oil processing, wastes, fermentation, substrate, and inoculum.
PEMBUATAN PEREKAT FENOLIK DARI LINDI HITAM YANG DIPEKATKAN DENGAN TANIN ATAU FENOL KRISTAL R Sudradjat; G Pari; M I lskandar
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 2 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.2.99-109

Abstract

Phenol  compounds  in  waste  water  of  pulp  and  paper  industry  are  toxic  and  harmful  to  environment.  Phenol  compounds  are  also  an  expensive  chemical  with  wide  range  uses,  such  as  raw  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  phenol  formaldehyde  glue.This  experiment  was  aimed  at  looking  into  appropriate  method  to  cope  with  the  problems  of  black  liquor's  phenol  by  converting  it  to  the  most  valuable  glue  largely  and  widely  used  in  the  plywood  industries,  i.e.  phenol-formaldehyde.  The  experiment  was  divided  into  three  stages,  i.e. (a)  recovery  of  phenol  from  black  liquor  after  distillation;  (b)  selecting  phenol  compounds  from  another  source  as  an  additive  to  increase  the  existing  phenol  concentration    in  the  distilled  black  liquor;  and  (c)  working  out  optimum  phenol  concentration  able  to  develop  maximum  bonding  strength  of  the  phenol-formaldehyde  glue.Phenol compounds investigated as an additive to increase  distilled phenol  concentration are  crystal  phenol  and  tannin.  The  two  additives  were  added  in  ratio  of  1:3,  1:5  and  1:7  (crystal  phenol/tannin  to  distilled  phenol).  After  that,  the  mixture  is  reacted  with  formalin  to  form  phenol  formaldehyde  glue  following  standard  procedure.  The  phenol  formaldehyde  glue  was  applied  to  plywood  and  then  was  analyzed  for  moisture  content,  density  and  bonding  strength.Results  showed  that  phenol  crystal  addition  is  better  than  tannin  due  to  lower  in  moisture,  but  higher  in  density  and  bonding  strength. At  all  mixture  ratio,  tannin  addition  gave  lower  plywood  bonding  strength  compare  to  standard  (14  kg/cm2),  but  phenol  addition  gave  higher  plywood  bonding  strength  (18-24 kg/cm2).  Further  experiment  should  be  conducted  to  use  crystal  phenol  as  an  additive  to  increase  distilled  phenol  concentration.                                                
PENGARUH PEMEKATAN KONSENTRASI FENOL DARI LINDI HITAM DALAM PEMBUATAN PEREKAT FENOL FORMALDEHIDA R Sudradjat; E Yusnita; U Kulsum; E Kusmiati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 21, No 2 (2003): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2003.21.2.128-138

Abstract

This investigation was a successive series of experiments aimed at assessing the manufacture of phenol formaldehydeglue utilized the black liquor from soda-process-based pulp mill.At first,  the phenol in the black liquor was concentrated by adding crystal phenol.  The ratios in weight between crystal phenol as added and black liquor were consecutively 1:5, 1:10,  1: 15, 1:20, and 1:25,  and as such yielded the concentrated phenol in the liquor at four levels as well.The results  revealed that efficiency recovery of phenol obtained by vacuum distillation  was 12 percent.  Such efficiency was because most of the phenol  in black liquor was associated with  other elements  in  the lignin  structure  or  other  compounds. The phenol was further  reacted with formaldehyde, and the resulting phenol formaldehyde (PF) used as glue in plywood bonding.Results  revealed that moisture content  of plywood with  PF glue where the phenol was from  the mixture of concent tended black liquor's  phenol  and crystal phenol  varied at  8.80  to 9.61 percent. The moisture contended to increase with the increase in the ratio of crystal phenol to the black liquor distillate.The density of plywood was about 0.5710  - 0.6431  gram per cm3,  and tended to increasewith the increase in the ratio of crystal phenol  as well.                                                                                •The bonding strength  of plywood without boiling-treatment   was in the range of 11.173-23.722 kg per cm2, where by the lowest strength occurred at implementing 1 : 20 ratio (A4) and the highest at 1 : 5(A1). Meanwhile, the bonding-strength test with boiling-treatment  revealed the value at 1.924 - 18.306  kg per cm2 in that the lowest value was at 1 : 25 ratio (A5) and the highest at 1 : 5 ratio (Al).
Co-Authors E Kusmiati E Yusnita Erra Y Evi K G Pari M I lskandar U Kulsum Umi K