<![CDATA[Abstracts: The implementation of Sharia in modern states remains a subject of ongoing debate in response to the emergence of the nation-state, democracy, human rights, and pluralism. This article aims to analyze the fundamental principles underlying the implementation of Sharia within the context of the modern state and to compare its implementation models in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Indonesia. This study employs a normative legal research method using conceptual and comparative approaches through a comprehensive review of Islamic legal literature, Islamic political theory, and the constitutional regulations and practices of the three countries. The findings reveal that the successful implementation of Sharia is determined not only by normative legal considerations but also by the social, political, and economic readiness of society, as well as the degree of public acceptance. Three fundamental principles should serve as the foundation for implementing Sharia: the theological preparedness of society, orientation toward maṣlaḥah (public welfare), and the realization of raḥmah (mercy) for all citizens. Saudi Arabia adopts an integrated model in which religion and the state are closely intertwined, with Sharia serving as the primary legal foundation. Sudan illustrates the failure of Sharia implementation due to inadequate socio-political preparedness and the neglect of societal pluralism. In contrast, Indonesia has developed an integrative model by implementing Sharia through formal, substantive, and essential approaches within the framework of the Pancasila state ideology. This study concludes that implementing Sharia in the modern state requires a contextual approach grounded in the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) and capable of accommodating the values of justice, public welfare, and diversity so that the objectives of Sharia can be achieved without generating social or political conflict.Keywords: Sharia, Modern State, Islamic Law, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Comparative Study. Abstrak: Penerapan syariah dalam negara modern merupakan isu yang terus diperdebatkan seiring berkembangnya konsep negara bangsa (nation-state), demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, dan pluralisme. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis prinsip-prinsip dasar penerapan syariah dalam konteks negara modern serta membandingkan model implementasinya di Arab Saudi, Sudan, dan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan komparatif melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap literatur hukum Islam, teori politik Islam, serta regulasi dan praktik ketatanegaraan di ketiga negara tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan penerapan syariah tidak hanya ditentukan oleh aspek normatif, tetapi juga oleh kesiapan sosial, politik, ekonomi, dan tingkat penerimaan masyarakat. Terdapat tiga prinsip utama yang harus menjadi landasan penerapan syariah, yaitu kesiapan teologis masyarakat, orientasi pada kemaslahatan, dan terwujudnya rahmat bagi seluruh warga negara. Arab Saudi menerapkan model integrasi agama dan negara dengan syariah sebagai dasar sistem hukum, Sudan menunjukkan kegagalan penerapan syariah akibat lemahnya kesiapan sosial-politik dan pengabaian pluralitas masyarakat, sedangkan Indonesia mengembangkan model integratif melalui penerapan syariah secara formal, substantif, dan esensial dalam kerangka negara Pancasila. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan syariah dalam negara modern memerlukan pendekatan yang kontekstual, berorientasi pada maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, serta mampu mengakomodasi nilai keadilan, kemaslahatan, dan keberagaman agar tujuan syariah dapat diwujudkan tanpa menimbulkan konflik sosial maupun politik.Kata kunci: Hukum Islam, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Negara modern, Syariah, Studi Perbandingan.]]>
