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KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK PRODUK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA MUDA DARI LATI, KALIMANTAN TIMUR Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

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Liquefied coal contains of higher aromatic compound, nitrogen, oxygen andsmaller amount of sulfur compared to petroleum fuel oil. These componentscauses gum/sludge formation which disturbs product stability duringtransportation and storage. High aromatic content lowers the cetane number ofliquefied coal oil. The study suggests that the catalytic hydrotreating of liquefiedcoal oil produced from Lati coal liquefaction can reduce the amount of S, O, andN heteroatom significantly. Gas oil fraction derived from Lati coal has a cetaneindex = 38.6, while the octane number of naphtha is expected to be higher than95 through catalytic reforming. In general, it can be concluded that synthetic fueloil derived from Lati coal has the qualification as transportation fuel oil throughthe application of Improved BCL Process.Kata Kunci: limonite catalyst, coal liquefaction, catalytic hydrotreating, liquefiedcoal oil, gas oil fraction, cetane index, octaen number

KOMPARASI KARAKTERISTIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN YALLOURN AKIBAT PERUBAHAN TEMPERATUR Artanto, Yuli; Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

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A coal liqueafaction test was carried out to investigate the reactivity of anIndonesian brown coal, called South Banko, and an Australian brown coal, calledYallourn. The liquefaction reaction was conducted to ascertain the effect ofreaction temperature on the reactivity of both brown coals and it represents onthe oil, CLB, CO+CO2 and C1~C4 yields. The result shows that South Banko coalis more reactive than Yallourn coal. South Banko coal gives a higher oil yieldthan that of Yallourn. Oil derived from South Banko coal increases as reactiontemperature rises. In contrast, oil derived from Yallourn decreased as reactiontemperature increased. This result indicated that South Banko has more labilestructure than that of Yallourn and it can easily break down the structure of SouthBanko coal. In term of hydrocarbon gas, Yallourn produces higher yield than thatof South Banko. This suggests that Yallourn coal has alkyl groups in its structure.It was also found that CO+CO2 yields are similar to both brown coals. SouthBanko has less CLB yield than that of Yallourn but the CLB yield of South Bankocoal is higher than that of Yallourn while temperature is increased to 470oC. Inshort, the study shows that South Banko coal is more reactive than that ofYallourn coal and it is very potential for the coal liquefaction feedstock.Kata kunci: batubara muda, Banko Selatan, Yallourn, distillate yield, CLB,CO+CO2,C1-C4, feedstock

FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON LIQUEFACTION OF KALIMANTAN BROWN COALS Hartiniati, Hartiniati; Silalahi, Lambok Hlarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

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Efek karakateristik batubara terhadap yield produk pencairan batubaradiinvetigasi menggunakan sampel batubara dari Berau (Lati dan Kelai), Mulia,Wara dan Kideco. Batubara Banko dari Tanjung Enim, Sumatera Selatan,digunakan sebagai batubara rujukan. Pengujian pencairandilaksanakanmenggunakan gas-flow type autoclave (5L) dengan umpanbatubara 2002 (daf), pelarut batubara turunan (b.p.300-420oC) 400g, katalis Fe1.0-3.0 wt% (daf), elemen sulfur (rasio atom S/Fe 2.,0) pada tekanan 14.7MPa,suhu 450oC selama 60menit. Sampel limonit dari Soroako Indonesia dan YandiYellow dari Australia, yang terutama terdiri dari α-FeOOH, digunakan sebagaibahan katalis pada pengujian pencairan batubara. Studi ini merekomendasikanbertambahnya minyak yield akibat peningkatan kandungan oksigen dalambatubara, rasio atom H/C dan kandungan besi dalam batubara, mengingat besidalam batubara dapat berfungsi sebagai katalis dalam pencairan batubara.Limonit Soroako medium grade (MGL) menunjukkan aktifitas lebih tinggidibandingkan Yandi Yellow (YY) karena sifat transformasinya membentuk kristalkristalpyrrhotite (Fe1-XS), fase aktif dalam pencairan batubara. Sejumlahsenyawa nitrogen dan sulfur dalam minyak batubara telah berhasil dihilangkanmelalui proses hydrotreatment selanjutnya memperbaiki mutu produk.Keywords: pencairan, batubara berau, limonit, pyrrhotite, soroako,hydrotreatment

REAKTIFITAS BERBAGAI JENIS PELARUT DARI RESIDU KILANG MINYAK PLAJU PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO TENGAH Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)

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An effect of two different residue for liquefaction of Central Banko coal isdisccused. The residue was obtained from side-stream of refinery plant, whichso-called long residue and short residue solvents. The liquefaction test wascarried out under the reference conditions that have been developed in BPPTcoal liquefaction laboratory, at temperature of 450oC and initial H2 pressure of12MPa for 1 hour. The result shows that the distillate yield, Bottom (BTM) yield,and hydrogen consumption were dependent on the nature of solvent. Shortresidue solvent shown higher reactivity than the long residue. Reaction betweenCentral Banko and Short Residue gave distillate yield higher than the longresidue. Moreover, its BTM yield was also lower than that of long residue solvent.This result confirmed the lower hydrogen consumption for reaction short residueand Central Banko coal compared to that for reaction long residue and CentralBanko. In this study, it also confirmed that the yield of H2O and CO+CO2 weredependent on the material input condition. However, the yield of hydrocarbongases (C1~C4) was mainly affected by de-alkylation in the solvent and coal duringthe reactionKata kunci: residu minyak bumi, proses pencairan batubara, central Banko

PENGARUH TEMPERATUR PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN YALLOURN Yusnitati, Yusnitati; Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia Vol. 9 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

A coal liqueafaction test was carried out to investigate the reactivity of an Indonesian brown coal, called South Banko, and an Australian brown coal, called Yallourn. Liquefaction was conducted to ascertain the effect of reaction temperature on thereactivity of both brown coals and it represents on the oil, CLB, CO+CO2 and C1~C4 yields. The result shows that South Banko coal is more reactive than Yallourn coal. South Banko coal gives a higher oil yield than that of Yallourn. Oil derived from SouthBanko coal increases as reaction temperature rises. In contrast, oil derived from Yallourn decreased as reaction temperature increased. This result indicated that South Banko has more labile structure than that of Yallourn and it can easily breakdown the structure of South Banko coal. In term of hydrocarbon gas, Yallourn produces higher yield than that of South Banko. This suggests that Yallourn coal has alkyl groups in its structure. It was also found that CO+CO2 yields are similar to both brown coals. South Banko has less CLB yield than that of Yallourn but the CLB yield of South Banko coal is higher than that of Yallourn while temperature is increased to 470oC. In short, the study shows that South Banko coal is more reactive than that of Yallourn coal and it is very potential for the coal liquefaction feedstock.

DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DAN SOSIAL DARI PENGEMBANGAN CBM DI INDONESIA Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol. 12 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Center for Environmental Technology - Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology

Indonesia has one of the largest Coal Bed Methane (CBM) reserves in the world withÃ‚Â a potential 453 trillion cubic feet (Ã¢â‚¬Å“TcfÃ¢â‚¬Â), more than double the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s natural gasreserves. The government, therefore, is planning to exploite its huge potential reservesÃ‚Â and targetting to produce 1 billion standard cubic fee per day, or about 0.18 million barrelof oil equivalent, by 2025. Several new regulations have been passed, but non is relatedÃ‚Â to protection to the environment as an impact of the development of CBM. If it is notÃ‚Â well regulated and managed properly, the environmental impact will be enormous. ThisÃ‚Â paper presents assessment results on the environmental and social impacts which likelywill be faced by Indonesia from improper development of CBM in Indonesia. Certainly,Ã‚Â there will be very serious and unaviodable negative impacts to the environment withoutcareful plan and proper environmental regulation put in place prior to the developmentÃ‚Â of CBM. The government will have to develop a specific regulation regarding CBMdevelopment in the near future before everything is too late.

HYDROTREATMENT KATALITIK MINYAK RINGAN DENGAN KATALIS NIMO DAN PENGARUH SPESIES NITROGEN Murti, Sri Djangkung Sumbogo; Hartiniati, Hartiniati; Eliyanti, Agustina
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 6, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Gas Oil fraction of petroleum was hydrotreated (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) overNiMo/Al2O3 catalyst in a 100 ml autoclave reactor. The reaction was conducted at340 oC under 5MPa H2 pressure for 60 min. to investigate the correlation ofnitrogen species in the HDS. The inhibition effects of these species are alsoinvestigated by using original and its N-free gas oil. Hydrogen renewal betweenstages was attempted to reveal an additional effect of the by-products such asH2S. All species in the gas oils were analyzed by GC-AED before and afterhydrotreatment. HDS over NiMo/Al2O3 was largely improved by removal ofnitrogen species. Refractory sulfur species were effectively removed by theremoval of nitrogen species and renewal of hydrogen in staged HDS, showingsynergy effects due to simultaneous removal of two inhibitors.Kata kunci: gas oil, hydrodesulfurization, nitrogen inhibition, GC-AED

IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAT REAKTIFITAS KATALIS DASAR BESI JENIS LIMONIT DAN PIRIT PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA Hanif, Muhammad; Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

The effect of a highly dispersed limonite synthetic catalyst and natural pyritecatalyst on the liquefaction of Yallourn coal in relation to thetransformation into pyrrhotite (Fe1-x S) was examined and compared. Thestudy suggests that ?-FeOOH catalyst can be transformed into smallerpyrrhotite at lower temperatures around 250oC, and therefore promotes theactivation of gaseous hydrogen notably at the heating stage up to 450oC.Keeping H2S concentration at approximately 0.1vol% in the gas phase wasfound to be an effective way of maintaining the liquefaction activity of therecycle catalyst, due to the restraint of both troilite formation and theagglomeration of pyrrhotite. The study also demonstrates that a high oilyield over 60wt% daf can be obtained successfully in the coal liquefaction ofYallourn coal with the reduction of catalyst ?-Fe00H loading.Kata Kunci : pyrrhotite, troilite, coal liquefaction, pyrite

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON COAL LIQUEFACTION PROJECT IN KALIMANTAN Hartiniati, Hartiniati; Hanif, Muhammad; Tamura, Masaki; Yanai, Shunichi; Shigehisa, Takuo
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Tulisan ini secara ringkas nejelaskan studi kelayakan pabrik pencairan batubaraperingkat rendah yang berlokasi di dekat pantai Kalimantan Selatan (coastalCase) sebagai alternatif lokasi dari studi kelayakan yang sebelumnya dilaksanaanuntuk lokasi pedalaman di Banko, Sumatera Selatan (inland case). Tujuan utamastudi ini, pertama untuk menginvestigasi efek lokasi pabrik terhadap keekonomianproyek, dan kedua untuk mengidentifikasi poetnsi kelayakan proyek pencairanbatubara pabrik pabrik komersial pionir di Indonesia. Didandingkan dengan aksuspedalaman, lokasi dekat pantai mempunyai keunggulan dari segi penghematanbiaya konstruksi dan biaya transportasi sampai dengan 10%. Analisis finansialdengan metode DCF telah memberikan hasil yang menjanjikan bahwa pabrikpionir kapasitas 12.000 ton per hari sudah dapat memproduksi bahan bakarminyak bersih dari batubara bersih tahun 2011, pada tingkat harga US$ 23.3/bbl(FOB, Berau Lati) and US$ 26.1/bbl (FOB, Mulia Satui) dengan harga aktual(COE=1.0). Pabrik pinoir dengan kapasitas kecil (3.000 tob per hari) masih dinilailayak dengan insentif berupa harga batubar alebih rendah, bunga pinjaman llunakdan lainnya.Keywords: banko coal, mulia satui, berau lati, metode DCF, pencairan batubara

PENCAIRAN BATUBARA LIGNIT DAN SUBBITUMINOUS DENGAN DUA SISTEM REAKTAN BERBEDA TANPA KATALIS DAN PELARUT Artanto, Yuli; Hartiniati, Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

This study of coal liquefaction in the absence of catalyst and solvent wasconducted. In this research a comparison of two different coals was carried out tosee characteristic of each coal on the liquefaction reaction. The effect ofhydrogen and CO/H2O were also checked to understand the mechanism of theprocess. Lignite or brown coal from Tanjung Enim and sub bituminous coal fromEast Kalimantan are used in this study. The results suggest that increase in coalrank from lignite to sub bituminous did not alter the conversion significantly.Surprisingly, the reduction in conversion of sub bituminous coal by its inorganicand mineral content noted for hydrogenation reactions (with added tetralin) is notobserved in CO/H2O reactions. For lignite, there is a tendency for conversion toincrease.Kata kunci: lignit, sub bituminous coal, non solvent hydrogenation

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