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ONGKOS EKSTERNAL PEMBANGKITAN LISTRIK, SEBUAH PERHITUNGAN PENDEKATAN Mursid Djokolelono; Edi Sartono; Scorpio Sri Herdinie
Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir Vol 3, No 2 (2001): Desember 2001
Publisher : Pusat Kajian Sistem Energi Nuklir, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/jpen.2001.3.2.2029

Abstract

ABSTRAK ONGKOS EKSTERNAL PEMBANGKITAN LISTRIK, SEBUAH PERHITUNGAN PENDEKATAN. Hitungan ongkos pembangkitan listrik pada pembangkit fosil mencakup ongkos modal, ongkos operasi & perawatan, serta ongkos bahan bakar. Pada PLTN ongkos pembangkitan ini masih ditambah dengan ongkos pasca operasi (dekomisi). Kesadaran terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dan perlindungan lingkungan dewasa ini, telah memacu diperhitungkannya ongkos yang harus ditanggung masyarakat akibat polusi/gangguan yang mengakibatkan degradasi terhadap kesehatan, kerusakan material maupun lingkungan, yang disebut ongkos eksternal. Hitungan eksternalitas dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metoda dan program komputasi, antara lain yang tengah dikembangkan dan diperkenalkan oleh IAEA, yaitu program B-GLAD. Metoda ini menghitung penyebaran polusi ke lingkungan pembangkit listrik, menaksir dosis yang diterima masyarakat dan lingkungan, menaksir korban dan kerusakan, serta menilainya dalam besaran moneter. Dalam makalah ini tiga kasus telah diambil untuk aplikasi dengan program ini, yaitu dengan data dari PLTN 2x900 MWe di tapak Ujung Lemah Abang dan dua PLTU-batubara 3x600 MWe di tapak Tanjung Jati, kedua tapak di pantai Semenanjung Muria. Sedang PLTU-batubara dibandingkan yang menggunakan flue gas desulphurization (FGD) dan yang tidak. Sedangkan bagi PLTN, taksiran kerugian masyarakat memasukkan pula faktor keengganan risiko dan kejadian kecelakaan. Hasil taksiran Ongkos Eksternal diperoleh adalah 0,9094 mills/KWh untuk PLTU tanpa FGD, 0,8156 mills/KWh untuk PLTU dengan FGD, serta 0,0083 mills/KWh untuk PLTN, atau besarnya dua sampai empat orde di bawah harga pembangkitan listrik masing-masing. Dibandingkan dengan hasil perhitungan untuk pembangkit di Eropa, ongkos eksternal mereka lebih kecii, tetapi dengan studi di Thailand masih tercakup dalam batas bentang besaran mereka.   ABSTRACT EXTERNAL COSTS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION, APROXIMATE CALCULATION. Electricity generation cost of a fossil power plant includes capital cost, operation & maintenance costs and fuel cost. For a nuclear power plant the generation cost includes also a post-operation cost (decommissioning cost). The awareness of public health and environmental protection have recently urged to elaborately incorporate those costs bome by the public due to the pollution and negative effects resulting from the electricity generation, which are called external costs. Methods and computer programs of such calculation have been published and being developed, for example the one that is being developed and promoted by the IAEA, the B-Glad computation program. The method calculates dispersion of emitted pollution to public and environment, assess the doses received and damages thereafter, and then evaluate the damages in monetary quantities. This paper illustrates calculation using the B-Glad taking the input data of nuclear power plant (NPP) of 2x900 MWe at the Ujung Lemah Abang site, and two kinds of coal power plants (CPP) of 3x600 MWe at the Tanjung Jati site, both sites are located at the coast of the Muria peninsular. The CPPs with Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) and without FGD.
THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER AND OTHER ENERGY OPTIONS IN COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY MARKET STUDY USING MESSAGE MODEL Scorpio Sri Herdinie; Edi Sartono
Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir Vol 5, No 1 (2003): Juni 2003
Publisher : Pusat Kajian Sistem Energi Nuklir, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/jpen.2003.5.1.1918

Abstract

ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER AND OTHER ENERGY OPTIONS IN COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY MARKET STUDY USING MESSAGE MODEL. The electricity demand in Indonesia is very high due to the National Economic Development based on industrialization and supported by a strong agriculture base. It can be noted that in the last five years, the annual electricity growth rate has been reaching around 15% per annum. Though during the economic crisis the electricity demand have time to reduction. Start early 2000s the economic growth in Indonesia will gradually increase. As a consequence, the electricity growth rate also increase in the next coming decades. MESSAGE (Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts) is a model designed for the optimization of energy system (i.e. energy supplies and utilization). The goal of this study is to support the national planning and decision making process in the energy and electricity sector in Indonesia with regard to the economic, health, environmental and safety aspects. The objective of this study is to analyse the role of Nuclear Power Plant in the whole energy systems by introducing the new electricity regulation and structure in the market. Seen that Nuclear Power Plant will be enter the Java Bali system in the period between 2015-2020. and will dominate the addition of capacities by the end period of study (year 2020-2025). Nuclear energy has very important long term roles in the energy scenario and it is possible to do the market competitiive when the Multi buyer Multi Seller (MBMS) will be done in the system electricity in Indonesia (the government has changed the target of MBMS realization into 2007).   ABSTRAK STUDI PERAN PEMBANGKIT TENAGA NUKLIR DAN ENERGI LAIN DI DALAM KOMPETISI PASAR LISTRIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM MESSAGE. Tuntutan akan kebutuhan listrik Indonesia sangat tinggi dalam kaitan dengan Pengembangan Ekonomi Nasional berdasar pada Industrialisasi yang didukung oleh pertanian kuat. Hal ini dapat dilihat bahwa pada lima tahun terakhir, laju pertumbuhan listrik telah mencapai sekitar 15% tiap tahun. Meskipun selama krisis ekonomi, permintaan listrik sempat mengalami suatu pengurangan. Mulai awal 2000-an pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia secara berangsur-angsur meningkat. Sebagai konsekwensi, laju pertumbuhan listrik akan juga meningkat pada dekade yang akan datang. MESSAGE (Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts) adalah suatu model optimalisasi sistem energi (yaitu, penyediaan energi dan pemanfaatan). Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mendukung proses pengambilan keputusan dan perencanaan energi nasional dan sektor listrik di Indonesia yang mempertimbangkan nilai ekonomi, kesehatan, lingkungan dan aspek keselamatan. Sasaran studi ini adalah untuk meneliti peran Pembangkit Energi Nuklir pada keseluruhan sistem energi dalam kaitannya dengan peraturan sistem pasar listrik yang baru. Hasil dari studi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangkit Listrik tenaga Nuklir akan masuk ke dalam Sistem Jawa-Bali pada periode tahun 2015-2020, dan akan mendominasi penambahan kapasitas pada periode akhir studi (tahun 2020-2025). Peran energi nuklir jangka panjang sangat penting di dalam skenario penyediaan energi khususnya listrik dan memungkinkan untuk berkompetitif dengan energi yang lain dalam menghadapi sistem pasar yang Multi Buyer Multi Seller (MBMS), jika sistem tersebut diberlakukan di Indonesia (pemerintah telah mentargetkan perwujudan sistem pasar MBMS pada tahun 2007).
KAJIAN PENYEDIAAN KETENAGALISTRIKAN SECARA OPTIMAL DI PROPINSI JAWA TENGAH Scorpio Sri Herdinie; Sudi Ariyanto; Edi Sartono; Suprapto Suprapto; Nuryanti Nuryanti
Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir Vol 6, No 1 (2004): Juni 2004
Publisher : Pusat Kajian Sistem Energi Nuklir, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/jpen.2004.6.1.1925

Abstract

ABSTRAK KAJIAN PENYEDIAAN KETENAGALISTRIKAN SECARA OPTIMAL DI PROPINSI JAWA TENGAH. Perencanaan kelistrikan memuat identifikasi potensi dan permasalahan ketenagalistrikan yang langkah-langkah pemecahannya diprogramkan melalui pentahapan tahunan. Karena terdapat korelasi antara pertumbuhan listrik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi maka dilakukan kajian sensitivitas untuk propinsi Jawa Tengah dengan menggunakan tiga skenario pertumbuhan listrik, yaitu 6,7 %, 8 % dan 10% untuk periode kajian dari tahun 2003 sampai 2020. Program yang digunakan dalam kajian sensitivitas ini adalah program WASP IV. Dari hasil penghitungan dengan program tersebut didapatkan total penambahan kapasitas sampai akhir periode kajian pada masing-masing skenario 3960 MW, 5500 MW dan 8620 MW. Sedangkan total energi yang dibangkitkan sampai pada akhir periode studi untuk masing-masing skenario adalah 32301 GWh, 39619 GWh dan 54374 GWh. Adapun total bahan bakar yang dibutuhkan untuk pembangkitan pada masing-masing skenario pertumbuhan, Batubara mendominasi pada semua skenario pertumbuhan, menyusul HSD dan Gas. Pembangkit nuklir diproyeksikan akan dibutuhkan pada saat pertumbuhan listrik mencapai 8 % sekitar tahun 2020 dan saat pertumbuhan listrik mencapai 10 % sekitar tahun 2017. Paket program WASP digunakan untuk proyeksi penyediaan listrik.   ABSTRACT THE STUDY FOR OPTIMALIZATION OF THE ELECTRICITY POWER SUPPLY IN CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE. Electricity planning includes identification of electricity generation potential and problem where solution are being planned through the annual program. Due to correlation between electricity growth and economic growth, the sensitivity study for Central Java province has been done using three scenarios of annual electricity growth, i.e: 6,7 %, 8 % and 10 % within the study period of 2003-2020. The tool used in this sensitivity study is WASP IV. From result the calculation gives total installed capacity in the end of study period for each electricity growth scenario are 3960 MW, 5500 MW and 8620 MW respectively. Total produced energy in the end of study period for each electricity growth scenario are 32301 GWh, 39619 GWh and 54374 GWh. For total fuel required, Coal still predominate in all scenarios, followed by HSD and Gas. According to this study, Nuclear power plant can be introduced in 2020 for scenario of 8% growth and 2017 for that of 10% growth. WASP is utilized for projecting electricity supply.
THE GREEN HOUSE GAS ABATEMENT STUDY FOR INDONESIA Edi Sartono; Scorpio Sri Herdinie
Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir Vol 3, No 2 (2001): Desember 2001
Publisher : Pusat Kajian Sistem Energi Nuklir, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/jpen.2001.3.2.2028

Abstract

ABSTRACT The energy demand in Indonesia is projected to increase in the future. Based on the tentative results of the comprehensive assessment of different energy source for electricity, the demand will grow and reach the figure of about 8,200 Peta Joules in the year 2025. With regards to the energy supply in connection with climate change resulting from increasing Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, and in line with the national energy policy which stresses on diversification, conservation, energy price and environmental awareness in energy supply development. The main objective of this study is to analyse GHG abatement by introduction various clean energy options such as renewable and nuclear energy in the Indonesian energy system by using IAEA Tool and to calculate the cost of GHG emission avoided. For the purpose of the case study, two cases were developed with some aggregations and assumptions for simplification. The first case Baseline case, which represents the current energy network (doing nothing case) and the second case defined GHG mitigation in the electric sector by replacing fossil power plants (600 MWe + 400 MWe) with various clean energy options GHG abatement technology (1000 MWe Nuclear PP). The result of the study shown that the total of CH4 reduction until the end of study period of about 1180.8 tons and 271.6 million tons for C02. The average reduction of the greenhouse gas are 4.4% per year for CH4 and 7.3% per year for C02, starting from introduction of nuclear power plant in year 2012. It is believed that, the economic competitiveness of nuclear power could significantly increase if GHG mitigation program were taken into account in the national energy planning. GHG abatement technology choice has to be made on the basis of economic aspects and its efficiency, so that the type of technology that is chosen is the most optimum as viewed from all aspects of the economy and the environment. Applying fuel diversification in the electric generation mix, nuclear and renewable energy, energy conservation as well as the demand side management can be carry out by mitigation of CH4 and C02 in the energy sector.