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IBR vaccination program evaluation in Bali cattle using inactive vaccine BHV-1 field isolate with serum netralization test in laboratorium scale Sudarisman .
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 6, No 4 (2001): DECEMBER 2001
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Inacctive vaccine has been reported to have some effects on experimental infection using BHV-1 virus. this study was carried out to evaluate the effectivity of inactive BALITVET BHV-1 vaccine in Bali cattle by means of serological test in laboratorium scale. Thirty Bali cattle were divided into four treatment groups. Group I (8 animals) was a control group which didn’t receive any vaccination. Group II (10 animals) was vaccinated once. Group III (9 animals) was vaccinated twice for period of one month and Group IV (3 animals) was cattle which have had clinical pathogenicity test for BHV-1 one year ago. Challenge test was done 1 month after last vaccination with field virus at dose 5 x 108 TCID50. Four animals in control group, 5 animals in group II, 5 animals in group III and 3 animals in group IV were challenged and then all animals were mixed in one big pen. BHV-1 antibody titre evaluation was done by serum netralization test. The results of the study revealed that the cattle mixed together with infected cattle which had clinical signs, showed no significant infection in clinical signs and blood BHV-1 antibody titre. Meanwhile, experimental cattle infected with 5 x 10 8 TCID50 BHV-1 field isolate (i.v.) showed IBR clinical signs. BHV-1 antibody titre were increased 45 days after challenge. Cattle vaccinated 30 days before and challenged with field isolate could defend from the disease (revealed by no clinical signs) show significant BHV-1 antibody titre and have fluctuated titre between vaccinated once and twice. However, cattle vaccinated and mixed with infected cattle, showed no IBR clinical signs and had significant BHV-1antibody titre with different fluctuations. Cattle vaccinated twice, could maintain its high BHV- 1antibody titre as long as 120 days post vaccination compared with cattle vaccinated once with low titre until 120 days post vaccination. Cattle which had patogenicity test one year ago and showed clinical signs, still had high BHV-1 antibody titre after challenge test with dose 5 x 108 TCID50. However the titre were decreasing at 120 day post challenge and the titre were not as high as the cattle received twice vaccination. It can be concluded that IBR vaccination by using field isolate is good in booster method. Key words: Vaccine evaluation, inactive vaccine, BHV-1, Bali cattle

Pathogenicity of local isolate virus BHV-1 as the aetiological agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Bali Cattle Rini I Damayanti; Sudarisman .
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 10, No 3 (2005): SEPTEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is a disease of cattle characterised by clinical signs of the upper respiratory tract, reproductive tract and nervous system. A study to define the pathogenicity of four BHV-1 local isolates has been conducted. Fourteen Bali cattle that were free of BHV-1 has been selected and divided into four treatment groups. Each group of three was infected with virus isolate I, II, III and IV respectively with approximately a dose of 108TCID50 /10 ml and two cattle were used as control animals. Isolate I and III were originated from semen from IBR positive bulls number G 867 and G 148 respectively whereas isolate II was collected from vaginal mucosa and isolate IV was from nasal mucosa of IBR positive cattle treated with dexamethasone. Clinical response, gross-pathological and histopathological changes were observed. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the antigen in tissue section. The results show that the BHV-1 local isolates could produce IBR syndrome namely fever and changes in the respiratory and reproductive tracts even though the clinical responses seemed to be disappeared by 21 days PI. Grossly there were hyperaemic nasal and vaginal mucosa and pneumonia whereas histologically there were non suppurative rhinitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and vulvovaginitis. Immunohistochemically the antigen was detected in the nasal concha and trachea. Dexamethasone treatment at 60-64 days PI could produce less severe clinical features and the second necroppsy at 69 days PI also results in less severe pathological responses. The findings also suggest that the pathogenicity of BHV-1 local isolates were as follows: isolates I, II, IV and III. Key Words: Pathogenicity, BHV-1, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bali Cattle

Prevention of enterotoxacmiu in transported cattle Lily Natalia; Sudarisman .; M Darodjat
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 2, No 1 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Fatal enterotoxaemia of transported cattle is frequently reported in Indonesiu. Acute enteritis and fatal enterotoxaemia of cattle and buffaloes in Indonesia are associated with toxigenic Clostridium perfringenr type A. The outbreaks could have been caused by some kinds of stress, such as a possible change in nutrition or management as well as transportation . To reduce mortality rate caused by enterotoxaemia, an effective vaccine against the disease was produced . The vaccine was made in an alum precipitated toxoid form, prepared from Clostridlumperfringens type A toxin, which was then tested for safety in mice and for its capacity in generating high immunity in cattle. The vaccine was then used to immunise transported cattle as an attempt to reduce mortality rate and to observe antibody response of cattle following vaocletdon. The results showed that mortality in vaccinated was lower than in non-vaccinated groups of cattle. From field observation, it was obvious that alum precipitated toxoid vaccine could produce good immune response against enterotoxaemia in cattle . It was also evidence that this vaccine could reduce mortality in transported cattle . Keywords: Enterotoxaemia, vaccine, transportation, cattle

Clinical responses of vaccinated Bali cattle against challenge with a field isolate of Bovine Herpesvirus- 1 Sudarisman .
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 6, No 3 (2001): SEPTEMBER 2001
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The aim of this study is to investigate the post challenge clinical responses of Bali cattle vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine of a field isolate Bovine Herpesvirus-1 after being challenged with the same virus. Twenty eight Bali cattle were divided into two groups of ten animals, one of which was vaccinated with a single dose and the other one was vaccinated with a booster dose of vaccination, and the rest of the animals were remained untreated as a control group. One month after the last vaccination, a half number of animals in each group were challenged intravenously with 5 x 108 TCID 50 pathogenic strain of BHV-1 local isolate. Clinical signs were observed from day 0 to day 14 after challenge. These observed included body temperature, mucosal membrane changes of nostril, vagina and palpebrae, hyperlacrimation and hypersecretion of nose and eyes. General clinical changes and mucous membrane lesions of nostril were scored from 0 to 3. The results showed that the non-vaccinated animals: elevated temperature (up to 40.1°C), hyperlacrimation, nasal discharge and mucosal hyperaemia of nostril and vagina after challenge. The duration of illness ranged from 3 to 7 days. Symptoms appeared after an incubation periode of 3 days and disappeared after 5 days (day 9). These clinical symptoms didn’t appear on the vaccinated animals with single or boostered vaccination. One month after vaccination, the antibody titre reached 211 (2048) based on serum neutralisation test (SNT). These vaccinated animals showed good immune respons to BHV-1. Key words: Clinical responses, inactivated vaccine, field isolate, BHV-1, Bali cattle

Infectious Bovine Rinotracheitis (IBR) on Livestock Breeding Institution in Indonesia Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2003): SEPTEMBER 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The government livestock breeding farm in Indonesia had had a potential role for preventing the animals to spread the disease of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. Prevalence of IBR have increased according by the time being in dairy and beef cattle. To anticipate the spread of the disease, government livestock breeding farm should be free of IBR disease, serologically and through isolation of the agent. As an alternative to control the disease, early warning detection of the infections and contamination on the product of artificial insemination centre and embryo transfer institution in Indonesia is more esential to use PCR as a toll to detect every batch of the products. Vaccination is one of the choise to prevent the disease in the field, especially in the area which the disease as an endemic, according to economical impact of the disease. Key words: IBR, livestock breeding farm, PCR, product

Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Cattle in Indonesia and its Problems Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 1 (2011): MARCH 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a disease caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), an ubiquitous, easily transmitted virus with worldwide distribution. The majority of postnatal infections with BVDV are nonclinical, with biphasic temperature elevation and leucopenia followed by a spesific immune response measurable by serum neutralisation test. The infection can be diagnosed serologically or virologically and the disease is recognized by clinical signs and pathological lesions. Disease control is based on the use of modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. Opinions vary on the relative economic importance of BVD, depends on the appropriateness and timing of vaccination in various production-management system. Key words: Bovine viral diarrhea, cattle, disease control, vaccine

Mucosal Vaccine for Prevention of Viral Disease in Animal Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 4 (2006): DECEMBER 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The major obstacle in combating infectious viral diseases in animals is the lack of effective vaccines . A large number of viral pathogens are mucosaly transmitted and must cross mucosal barriers to infect the host . The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts represent the principal portals of entry for most animal viral pathogens . Current inactivated viral vaccines administered by intramuscular injection elicit primarily circulating antibodies . The best defense against these predominantly mucosal viral pathogens would be vaccines capable inducing both systemic and mucosal immunity which is a cost effective disease prevention tool . For most viral pathogens, induction of mucosal immunity appears most appropriate based on the routes of infection . The effectiveness of vaccine delivery to mucosal surfaces including respiratory tract may be most useful for prevention of the upper ways where secretory antibody is most important for protection against viral infection . Most external mucosal surfaces are replete with organized follicles and scattered antigen-reactive or sensitized lymphoid elements, including B cells, T lymphocytes, T cell subsets . plasma cells and a variety of other cellular elements involved in the induction and maintenance of immune response . Thus, a better understanding of the mucosal immune system is needed before effiective mucosal vaccines can be developed. Key words : Viral disease. mucosal vaccine

Genetic and Biological Changes of Newcastle Disease Virus Due to The Development of Chicken Production System Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009): SEPTEMBER 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

In many countries, Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the most important diseases of poultry. It causes serious economic losses in poultry industry. Newcastle Disease or pseudo-fowl pest is a highly infectious viral disease that causes very high mortality (up to 100% in severe epidemics) in poultry and wild birds around the world. Newcastle Disease remains endemic in many regions and continues to severely limit poultry production in some developing countries. The disease is currently being controlled by routine vaccinations in many countries. However, it was reported that outbreaks of ND in vaccinated flocks often occur on the field may not only be due to differences in the antigenicity of the NDV wild field strains and vaccine strains, but could also be as a result of differences in pathogenicity and virulence between different strains used as vaccine seed in NDV vaccine production. Key words: Newcastle Disease virus, biological changes, genetic changes, chicken

Congenital Transmission of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) in Cattle and Buffalo in Indonesia Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2007): MARCH 2007
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Congenital transmissions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle and buffalo in Indonesia have been found along time ago, primarily in animals treated with artificial insemination which semen came from the BHV-1 virus infected bull. The artificial insemination industry concerns with BHV-1 virus contamination of semen from healthy seropositive bulls with latent infections. Collection of semen from bulls maintained with a rigorous herd health program is an unlikely source of distribution of BHV-1 virus. Virus from the lesions in infected bulls can contaminate semen and causes a hazard to artificial insemination practices. Preventing the congenital transmission should be done at the artificial insemination centre through a standard procedure for semen production and the semen must come from a seronegative BHV-1 virus bull. Serological test for BHV-1 virus should be done every six months and PCR test should be conducted to the semen batch showed seropositive results and also to the bulls showed clinical signs of IBR. Virus isolation can be done from samples of suspected bulls. Bulls are potential sources of infection, thus keeping the seropositive or IBR infected bulls should be avoided. Such bulls can transmit the disease during breeding. Some female cattle can develop a latent infection that can be reactivated, and the disease can be transmitted to the male during breeding or in neonatal calves during late gestation or shortly after birth. Embryo transfer technique which is encouraged at this time is also a concern since its possibility infected with BHV-1 virus. Key words: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), semen, cattle, artificial insemination, buffalo

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