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Clostridial Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type A and C has been found in poultry flocks in Indonesia or throughout the world for many years. The disease is sometimes not recognized and often underestimated. Clostridium perfringens normally live harmlessly in the gut or intestines of healthy chickens, but a trigger factor that tips up the balance in favour of the clostridia) bacteria, allowing them to proliferate, produce toxin and cause the disease. Proliferation of Cl. perfringens or production of the alpha toxin may be enhanced by component present in chicken diets, or the diets may inactivate infestinal digestive enzymes, thereby decreasing the degradation of alpha toxin. In poultry, the disease is manifested as haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the gut wall, cholangiohepatitis, as well as increased mortality. Beside the clinical manifestation, subclinical clostridia) necrotic enteritis associated with impaired feed conversion and retarded or poor growth is usually found in the field. A number factors predisposing to the development of necrotic enteritis are physical factors which damage the gut lining (coccidiosis, intestinal worms, etc.), feed composition, changes in nutrient density or protein levels, and immunosuppresion which reduces resistance to gut infections . Impaired feed conversion, reduced live weight at slaughter and increased condemnation percentage were major cases of production losses associated with necrotic enteritis. Presently, the prevalence of necrotic enteritis appears to be increasing and pose a serious health problem which is responsible for significant economic losses . Prevention of necrotic enteritis requires a delicate balancing act to control those factors that collectively are responsible for the disease. Antibiotic, prebiotic, competitive exclusion, enzyme preparation, imunisation, mineral and vitamin supplements have been used in poultry for controlling necrotic enteritis. Key words: Clostridial necrotic enteritis, Clostridium perfringens, toxin, chicken

The Control of Anthrax Disease: Diagnosis, Vaccination and Investigation Adji, Rahmat Setya; Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 4 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis attacking both animal and human (zoonosis) . The disease is normally associated with domestic livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle, but humans are also infected due to exposure or comsuming infected animals . The control of anthrax in humans and animals involves developing a diagnostic method for B. anthracis detection and confirmation of anthrax, prevention by vaccines, and disease investigation . Rapid and more accurate diagnosis techniques for anthrax should be developed for improving the conventional method used in Indonesia . Vaccines are effective against anthrax . Current anthrax vaccine used in Indonesia is spores vaccine produced from a non-encapsulated, toxigenic. Sterne strain 34F2 of B. anthracis . The use of this vaccine occasionally causes local pain, necroses at the inoculation site, subcutaneous oedema and occasionally death of the animal . Several vaccines have been developed recently such as sub unit vaccine, anthrax vaccine absorbed (AVA), that contains a protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin as the major protective immunogen and is usually used in humans. In endemic areas of anthrax, outbreaks still routinely occur almost yearly . Monitoring of the epidemiological patterns of the disease has to be carried out by field investigation . Key words: Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, zoonotic disease, disease control

Swamp Buffalo in South Kalimantan : Problem, Disease and Control Natalia, Lily; ., Suhardono; Priadi, Adin
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 4 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

In recent years, several studies have been carried out to evaluate and investigate the important diseases of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus carabanensis) in Kalimantan . More attention has been focused on the case of acute infectious diseases and sudden death in the buffaloes . Fasciolosis black disease, acute enteritis, especially fatal enterotoxaemia haemorrhagic septicaemia . and trypanosomiasis (Surra), are some of the important diseases found in these animals . Black disease caused by toxigenic Clostridium novyi occurs in the presence of the organism in the liver and the degree of liver fluke Fasciola gigantica infestation . In regions where black disease is enzootic, Cl. novvi can be isolated from livers of normal healthy animals . In Hulu Sungai Utara district, South Kalimantan, the prevalence of fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica in swamp buffalo was 77% in 1991 . A gross sudden change in diet due to seasonal changes could induce rumen and intestinal stasis, which provide a favourable environment for the rapid proliferation of commensal toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in the small intestine . Subsequent absorption of the toxin produced through the gut wall and its generalized dissemination culminated in a fatal enterotoxaemia . Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute, fatal disease affecting swamp buffalo, and caused by Pasteurella multocida B : 2 . The swamp buffalo is particularly susceptible for HS, and the reported greatest losses of swamp buffalo in Kalimantan due to HS is recorded in 1980s. The clinical signs of Surra in swamp buffalo were also found in certain areas in Danau Panggang area . Hulu Sungai Utara district . Vaccination is the accepted method for controlling Black disease, enterotoxaemia and HS. Multi component vaccine, alum adjuvant containing at least 5 types of clostridial toxoids and P. multocida B2 bacterin have been used and provide good protection to the animals . Control and treatment of liver fluke infestation is advisable. Vaccination is recommended annually and should be carried out regularly . In these days, the farmers concern about the availability of the grass in the Danau Panggang area . The primary feed grass (Oryza sativa forma spontanea L), of the swamp buffalo were not sufficient in the low-tide season. The over population of Pamocea canaliculata (golden snail), a pest for lake vegetations, was thought to be responsible for this phenomena . Growing forages as the source of animal feed may be an option to improve the current performance of the swamp buffalo in the area. Key words : Diseases, swamp buffalo, control, South Kalimantan

Evaluation of antibody responses of cattle and buffaloes to Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine using ELISA Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 1, No 3 (1995)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect specific antitoxin Clostridium perfringens type A. It was based on the use of purified alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens type A as the coating antigen, which was then linked to specific alpha antitoxin . Horse raddish peroxidase labelled IgG was used as the conjugate, and 2,2-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as the substrate . The ELISA was used to evaluate vaccination results on cattle and buffaloes against enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type A. Key words: ELISA, Clostridium perfringens type A antitoxin, vaccination

Prevention of enterotoxacmiu in transported cattle Natalia, Lily; ., Sudarisman; Darodjat, M
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 1 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Fatal enterotoxaemia of transported cattle is frequently reported in Indonesiu. Acute enteritis and fatal enterotoxaemia of cattle and buffaloes in Indonesia are associated with toxigenic Clostridium perfringenr type A. The outbreaks could have been caused by some kinds of stress, such as a possible change in nutrition or management as well as transportation . To reduce mortality rate caused by enterotoxaemia, an effective vaccine against the disease was produced . The vaccine was made in an alum precipitated toxoid form, prepared from Clostridlumperfringens type A Â toxin, which was then tested for safety in mice and for its capacity in generating high immunity in cattle. The vaccine was then used to immunise transported cattle as an attempt to reduce mortality rate and to observe antibody response of cattle following vaocletdon. The results showed that mortality in vaccinated was lower than in non-vaccinated groups of cattle. From field observation, it was obvious that alum precipitated toxoid vaccine could produce good immune response against enterotoxaemia in cattle . It was also evidence that this vaccine could reduce mortality in transported cattle . Â Keywords: Enterotoxaemia, vaccine, transportation, cattle

Development of ELISA technique for detecting Clostridium novyi alpha toxin Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 3 (1997)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v2i3.69

the investigation of infectious necrotic hepatitis . Modification of the indirect ELISA technique in the system used is an inhibition ELISA for antigen . The test samples were liver fluid from dead animals suspected from infectious necrotic hepatitis. To analyse for alpha toxin, microtiter plates were coated with antigen or alpha toxin . The liver fluid sample thought to contain antigen or toxin was then mixed together with reference antiserum containing specific alpha antitoxin of Cl. novyi. Enzyme labelled antiglobulin was then added, followed by enzyme substrate . The difference in colour change between a reference sample containing no antigen or toxin and the test sample solution indicates the amount of antigen or toxin in the test samples . This is a competitive assay; high toxin concentrations result in less colour at the end of the test . The sandwich ELISA technique was sensitive enough to detect as little as 390 ng/ml toxin in liver fluid sample. These results indicate that the ELISA technique is useful for detecting alpha toxin of Cl. novyi and for diagnosing infectious necrotic hepatitis . Â Keywords: ELISA technique, Clostridium novyi alpha toxin, infectious necrotic hepatitis

Latex agglutination test for field diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 3 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Pasteurella multocida is bacterial pathogens that cause haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in cattle and buffaloes. Various tests have been used to differentiate types of P. multocida, as well as to diagnose this specific disease. A latex agglutination test has been developed for the detection of P. multocida B:2 which is the causal agent of HS. This test is a rapid and simple test suitable for local laboratorium to diagnose HS cases in the field. A heat stable antigen consisting of mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extract of formalin killed P. multocida 0019 was used to produce specific antibody against P. multocida B:2. The antiboy was then used to sensitise latex particles. Latex agglutination test have been used to screen some P. multocida field isolates and this test have been proven to be specific, simple and easy to be used in detecting P. multocida B:2. The specificity is due to antibodies recognising LPS or LPS protein complexes. Sensitised latex was stable at 4Â° C for at least12 months. This test should be used as an aid to diagnosis and employed principally to confirm and support clinical and post mortem findings of HS. Â Keywords: Pasteurella multocida B:2, haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), diagnosis, latex agglutination test

Polymerase chain reaction optimization for the detection of Pasteurella multocida B:2, the causative agent of Haemorrhagic septicaemia Natalia, Lily; Priadi, Adin
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 4 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Specific detection of Pasteurella multocida type B:2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a set of DNA primers wasoptimised. Effects of the addition of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) to the sample preparation, Escherichia coli contamination and the number of P. multocida on the PCR product was assessed. The PCR test was compared to the standard bacteriological method for the detection of P. multocida B:2 in tonsillar swab samples collected from slaughter houses of various regions in Indonesia. Addition of 100 mM EDTA-saline to P. multocida B:2 spiked tonsillar swab samples inhibits the production 350 base pairs (bp) PCR product. The inhibitory effect of the EDT A can be eliminated by three times washing with deionised water. The PCR can detect P. multocida as low as I organism and contanimation of 100 CFU of E. coli does not effect the PCR result. The results show that the DNA primers for P. multocida B:2 is sensitive and specific. The inhibitory effect of EDTA in PCR samples can be eliminated by washings. Keywords: PCR, EDT A, Pasteurella multocida B:2

Protection of a live Pasteurella multocida B:3,4 vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle Priadi, Adin; Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 7, No 1 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Cross protection conferred by a live Pasteurella multocida B:3,4 vaccine to infection by P. multocida B:2, the haemorrhagis septicaemia causing bacteria in cattle was investigated. Intranasal aerogenic immunization and subcutaneous injection of the live vaccine were applied to groups I and II of 5 Bali cattle respectively. Another group (III) of 5 cattle were vaccinated with standard oli adjuvant killed vaccine intramuscularly. Cattle were observed for clinical signs and body temperatures were measured. Sera were collected monthly for 12 month and kept at -200C for further testing by ELISA. No adverse sign was observed at cattle of groups I and II after vaccination with the live vaccine. Both intranasal and subcutaneous vaccination of live vaccine showed a similar serological response which started at month-5, peaked at month-(6-7) after vaccination and still sustained at the level above positive cut-off (88 ELISA Unit) at the end of observation month-12. Cattle vaccinated with killed adjuvanted vaccine responded earlier, peaked at 5-6 month after vaccination and declined steadily till the end of investigation. At 6 and 12 months after vaccination catlle were challenged with P. multocida B:2. All vaccinated cattle challenged at 6 months (C-1) and 12 (C-2) months after vaccination survived and showed no clinical signs. Body temperatures of all vaccinated cattle were normal and ranged from 38.10C to 39.10C and 38.50C to 39.50C for cattle chalenged at C-1 and C-2 respectively. However, there was 1 cattle of group I at C-1 showed an initial increase of body temperature to 400C and decreased to normal at 42 hours after challenge. One catlle of group II had a body temperature of 40.70C detected at 5 hours post C-2 and reached a normal temperature at hour-11. Both unvaccinated cattle at C-1 and C-2 died and had body temperatures of 41.40C and 41.10C respectively at the time of death. This investigation shows that live vaccine P. multocida B:3,4 is safe and can protect cattle from haemorrhagic septicaemia for at least 12 months. This vaccine is promising to be used to replace oil adjuvanted killed bacterin for haemorrhagic secticaemia. Key words: Live aerosol vaccine, protection, haemorrhagic septicaemia, cattle

Effects of irradiation on the survival of bacterial contaminants in food Natalia, Lily; Priadi, A.; Irawati, Z.
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The primary concern about microbial safety of irradiated food is the survival of pathogenic spore forming bacteria. Clostridium sporogenes was selected as the spore forming test organism for conducting inoculated pack studies for its similarities to the most toxigenic Cl. botulinum, in radiation resistance. Minimum radiation dose applied (45 kGy under cryogenic condition, in -790C) was determined to eliminate Cl. sporogenes spores and other bacterial contaminants in different kind of Indonesian chicken and beef dishes. In separate studies, irradiation doses of 3 â 7 kGy at cryogenic condition was used to improve the microbiological safety of a number chilled prepared meals. The dishes or ready to eat foods were packaged in air impermeable pouches. Irradiation process was carried out after inoculation on chicken and beef dishes with certain amounts of Cl. sporogenes spores. The evaluation of colony count differences between the irradiated and unirradiated foods revealed the effect of radiation on the survival of bacterial spores or other bacterial contaminants. It was demonstrated that a minimum dose of 45 kGy under cryogenic condition eliminated the spore of Cl. sporogenes, Bacillus spp and Staphylococcus spp. Irradiation at doses 5-7 kGy significantly reduced some potential pathogenic microorganisms in samples without affecting quality up to 3 months of storage at the refrigeration temperature. Key Words: Food Safety, Irradiation, Bacterial Contaminants

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