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Cytokines Disregulation in Birds and Mammals Infected by Avian Influenza Virus Dyah Ayu Hewajuli; NLPI Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 26, No 1 (2016): MARCH 2016
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus causes severe dysfunction in nervous system lead to mortality in birds and mammals. The innate immunity plays an important role as initial barrier against the infection that stimulated by recognition of pathogens through Toll like Receptor (TLR). TLR activates Nuclear Factor-kappa B cascade pathway. Cytokines are mediators to initiate, proliferate and regulate inflammation against the virus infection. They are classified according to their activities or target cells, such as interferons, interleukins, chemokines, colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factors. The gene expression of cytokine was found in different organs of chicken and mammals infected with HPAI and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) virus to express immune response against infection. The HPAI and LPAI viruses cause up-regulated and down-regulated cytokines, disruption of cell mediated immune response lead to increased AI virus pathogenicity. The objective of this review is to describe disregulation mechanism of cytokines that increase AI virus pathogenicity in birds and mammals.

Virus Pathogenity of Newcastle Disease in Chicken Dyah Ayu Hewajuli; N.L.P Indi Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 2 (2011): JUNE 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the highly infectious diseases in poultry industry. Newcastle disease causes high morbidity and mortality in birds, then it causes significant loss for poultry industry. This disease is caused by Avian paramyxovirus-1, included in the genus of Avulavirus and family of Paramyxoviridae. This virus has six prior proteins and two non structural proteins that evolving its genom. Those proteins are Nucleocapsid protein (N), Phosphoprotein (P), Matrix protein (M), Fusion protein (F), Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) and Large polymerase protein (L) and two non structural proteins iVe and W protein which are produced during the transcriptation process of P gen on editing process. Each of the protein has a specific role that responsible for the virulence of the virus. The previous result showed that HN and F proteins have significant contribution in the virulence and spreading of ND virus in the hosts. Virulence of ND virus primarily is determined by the cleavage site of F protein, but the recent research showed that the cleavage site motiv of F0 protein is not the only factor to determine the virulence of ND virus. Besides F protein, other proteins also contribute patern to the virulence of ND virus. ND virus can infect more than 200 species of birds, but the severity level of the disease varies depending on the host and strain of ND virus. Chicken has the highest pathogenicity index compared to other birds. Generally, the immunity system in chicken against infection of ND virus is similar to the immunity system of other birds. Cell mediated and humoral immunity responses play an important role in overcome ND virus. Key words: Newcastle disease, protein, immunity response

Characterisation and Identification of Avian Influenza Virus (AI) Dyah Ayu Hewajuli; NLP I Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008): JUNE 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Avian Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza A virus is enveloped single stranded RNA with eight-segmented, negative polarity and filament or oval form, 50 – 120 by 200 – 300 nm diameters. Influenza A viruses have been found to infect birds, human, pig, horse and sometimes in the other mammalian such as seal and whale. The viruses are divided into different subtypes based on the antigenic protein which covers the virus surface i.e. Haemaglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). In addition, the nomenclature of subtype virus is based on HA and NA i.e HxNx, for example H5N1, H9N2 and the others. According to pathogenic, it could be divided into two distinct groups, they are Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). The Avian Influenza viruses have been continuously occurred and spread out in some continents such us America, Europe, Africa and Asian countries. The outbreak of Avian Influenza caused high mortality on birds and it has been reported that in human case Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 virus has caused several deaths. To anticipate this condition, an effort to prevent the transmission of Avian Influenza is needed. These strategic attempts include biosecurity, depopulation, vaccination, control of virus movement, monitoring and evaluation. Laboratory diagnostic plays an important role for successful prevention, control and eradication programs of Avian Influenza. Recently, there are two diagnostic methods for Avian Influenza. They are conventional (virological diagnosis) and molecular methods. The conventional method is usually used for initial diagnostic of Avian Influenza. The conventional method takes more time and more costly, whereas the molecular method is more effective than conventional method. Based on the available diagnostic technique, basically diagnostic of Avian Influenza is done by serology test, isolation and identification as well as pathogenicity test. Key words: Avian Influenza, Characterisation, Identification, Laboratory Diagnostic

The Influence of Ecological Factors on the Transmission and Stability of Avian Influenza Virus in the Environment Dyah Ayu Hewajuli; NLP I Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014): SEPTEMBER 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Ecology is a science studying the correlation among organisms and some environmental factors. Ecological factors play an important role to transmit Avian Influenza (AI) virus and influence its stability in the environment. Avian Influenza virus is classified as type A virus and belong to Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus can infect various vertebrates, mainly birds and mammals, including human. Avian Influenza virus transmission can occur through bird migration. The bird migration patterns usually occur in the large continent covers a long distance area within a certain periode hence transmit the virus from infected birds to other birds and spread to the environment. The biotic (normal flora microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical) factors play important role in transmitting the virus to susceptible avian species and influence its stability in the environment. Disinfectant can inactivate the AI virus in the environment but its effectivity is influenced by the concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and organic matter. Key words: Avian Influenza, stability, transmission, ecological factors

The Role of Non-specific and Specific Immune Systems in Poultry against Newcastle Disease Dyah Ayu Hewajuli; NLPI Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 25, No 3 (2015): SEPTEMBER 2015
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 which belong to Avulavirus genus and Paramyxoviridae family. The birds have abnormalities in humoral (bursa fabricius) and cellular (thymus and spleen) lymphoid organs. Lesions decrease the immune system. Immune system consists of non-specific and specific immune systems. The main components of non-specific immunity are physical and chemical barrier (feather and skin or mucosa), phagocytic cells (macrophages and natural killer), protein complement and the mediator of inflammation and cytokines. Interferons (IFNs) belong to a group of cytokines that play a major role in the nonspecific or innate (natural) immunity. The virulent ND virus encodes protein of V gene can be suppressed IFN type I. This leads to non-specific immune system fail to respond to the virulent strains resulting in severe pathogenicity. The defense mechanism of the host is replaced by specific immunity (adaptive immunity) when natural immunity fails to overcome the infection. The specific immune system consists of humoral mediated immunity (HMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The cells of immune system that react specifically with the antigen are B lymphocytes producing the antibodies, T lymphocytes that regulate the synthesis of antibodies and T cells as effector or the direct cytotoxic cells. Both non-specific and specific immunities are complementary against the invasion of ND virus in the birds. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of non specific and specific immune system in ND.

Pengembangan Sejumlah Primer untuk Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Guna Melacak Virus Flu Burung di Indonesia (DEVELOPMENt OF PRIMERS FOR REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION TO DETECT AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN INDONESIA) Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti; Risza Hartawan; Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 17 No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

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Until recently, two clades of of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) designated as 2.3.2 and 2.2.3 havebeen circulating in Indonesia. Mutations of AIV genes have cretaed many more variants of the virus. It istherefore important to evaluate the appropriate methods used for the detection and diagnosis of AI virusin the field. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) have been used as a standardmethod for detection of AIV in many laboratories in Indonesia. The success of RT-PCR for detection ofAIV virus is dependent on the nucleotide sequences of primer that match with the circulating of AIVs. Theaims of this study was to develop RT-PCR by designing primers for H5 subtype specific to the circulatingAIVs in the field. The primers were designed using Primer Design software, and optimization andvalidation of the primer were conducted using AIVs that have been characterized in the previous study.The primers were then used RT-PCR using AIV isolates from field samples and their sensitivity andspecificity were then determined. The results showed that the H5 primers designed in this study, H5-IDand H5-NLP, was able to detect the AIVs in field samples better than the H5-specific primers have beenused previously. In conclusion, H5 primers designed based on recent viruses in the field showed betterresults in the detection of AI virus as compared to the previous primers. As AIV-H5N1 subtype in the fieldwill continue to change and evolve, the use of primers designed in this study is recommended for diagnosisof H5 AIV.

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