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All Journal Natural B Praxis : Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Masyarakat dan Jejaring Jurnal Informatika Ekonomi Bisnis METAL Proceeding of The International Conference on Mathematical Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Computing
Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Environmental Science Health Professions Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Public Health

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2025 ALUMINUM COATING USING CARBON POWDER WITH TEMPERATURE OF 600°C, 700°C AND 800°C USING HEAT TREATMENT METHOD Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana; Nereus Tugur Redationo; Emilianus Chris Welafubun
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v1i1.41

Abstract

Aluminum coating in Indonesia is one of the business fields that has experienced an increase in development and rapid progress starting from the type of coating used to produce coatings that also vary. The purpose of this study was to determine the hot temperatures of 600°C, 700°C and 800°C in the aluminum coating process uses carbon powder and determines the effective hardness values ​​at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. Test result hardness shows that the highest average hardness value is at a temperature of 600°C of 68.6 Hv and the lowest average hardness value is at a temperature of 800°C which is equal to 51.7 Hv
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PACK CARBURIZING AND QUENCHING PROCESS WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (700℃, 800℃, AND 900℃) ON THE MICRO-CHARACTERISTICS AND HARDNESS OF STAINLESS STEEL 316L Daniel Angger; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.141

Abstract

His study aims to investigate the effect of temperature variation in pack carburizing and quenching processes on the microstructure and surface hardness of Stainless Steel 316L. The pack carburizing process was conducted using activated carbon derived from robusta coffee grounds at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C with a holding time of 60 minutes. Subsequently, a quenching process was carried out using oil mixed with activated carbon to lock the diffused carbon. The material was tested for mass change, microstructure (via SEM), and surface hardness (using the Vickers method). The results show that increasing temperature significantly affects carbon diffusion and hardness improvement. The highest hardness value was obtained from the quenching process at 900°C with 330 HV, while pack carburizing at the same temperature resulted in 292 HV. The microstructure revealed more dominant Martensitic formation in the quenching process. Therefore, heat treatment with rapid cooling proves to be more effective in enhancing hardness and modifying the microstructure of Stainless Steel 316L.
THE EFFECT OF NACL AND KOH SOLUTION VARIATIONS ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTIVITY AND CORROSIVITY IN WET HHO GENERATORS USING SS316L ELECTRODES Akmal Tri BasunJaya; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.153

Abstract

The increasing energy demand due to population growth and industrial development has driven the search for clean and renewable alternative energy sources. One promising solution is hydrogen-based energy through water electrolysis, which produces HHO gas (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen).  The efficiency of the electrolysis process is significantly influenced by the type and concentration of the electrolyte solution used, such as NaCl and KOH, as well as the electrode material here, stainless steel SS316L. This study shows that increasing the mass of the electrolyte solution enhances hydrogen production. NaCl with a mass of 153 grams produced 1,509 ppm of hydrogen at the high-variable setting, while KOH with a mass of 147 grams produced up to 2,320 ppm. However, KOH also caused higher corrosion levels, reaching 0.117 grams in the high-variable setup, compared to NaCl at 0.038 grams. The Cl⁻ and OH⁻ ions in the electrolyte are highly reactive and contribute to electrode surface degradation. Furthermore, the electrode position affects hydrogen productivity, where closer proximity to the power source improves reaction efficiency. Therefore, the selection of electrolyte type and the optimization of the electrolysis system configuration are crucial in the development of efficient hydrogen production technology.
A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF CARBURIZING PROCESSES IN STEELS: DIFFUSION MECHANISMS, PROCESS PARAMETERS, AND SURFACE PERFORMANCE Reinaldo Evan Audrey; Bernadus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v4i1.171

Abstract

Carburizing is one of the most widely applied thermochemical surface treatments to enhance the mechanical performance of steels; however, existing studies remain fragmented, with limited integration of diffusion mechanisms, process parameters, and their combined effects on surface performance, which hinders process optimization for advanced applications requiring improved wear and corrosion resistance. This study addresses this gap through a systematic literature review (SLR) of approximately 28 peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus and ScienceDirect, using a structured methodology consisting of identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and comparative analysis focusing on key variables such as temperature, holding time, carburizing media, and diffusion behavior. The analysis shows that carbon diffusion kinetics and case characteristics are strongly influenced by process parameters, where temperatures of 850–950°C and longer holding times significantly increase case depth (up to >1 mm) and surface hardness (typically 50–65 HRC or improvements up to ~150 HV). In addition, clear distinctions among carburizing methods were identified: gas and vacuum carburizing offer superior control of carbon potential and microstructural uniformity, while pack and liquid carburizing provide more economical alternatives with lower process precision. Notably, inconsistencies were found in correlating diffusion depth with corrosion resistance, indicating a critical research gap. This review establishes an integrated framework linking diffusion mechanisms, processing parameters, and surface performance, offering insights for optimizing carburizing processes and highlighting the need for future studies that simultaneously evaluate mechanical and corrosion properties.
Co-Authors Akmal Tri BasunJaya Bernadus Crisanto Putra Mbulu Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu Daniel Angger Dionysius Joseph Djoko HS Donysius Dwi Hercahyo Emilianus Chris Welafubun Masruroh Masruroh Murdiyanto, Danang Redationo, Nereus Tugur Reinaldo Evan Audrey Wardhani, Jovita Vicka Bayu