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Journal : Engineering Science Letter

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Adaptive Beamsteering and PSK Direct Modulation Muhammad Miftahul Amri; Ghafar Ramadhan Faqih
Engineering Science Letter Vol. 1 No. 01 (2022): Engineering Science Letter
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2205.308 KB) | DOI: 10.56741/esl.v1i01.58

Abstract

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS), a planar array consisting of a large number of low-cost and low-complexity metal patch elements, is predicted to be among the key technologies in future wireless communications. This is mainly due to its capability to improve wireless energy and spectrum efficiency by reconfiguring the wireless environment in a smart and flexible way. IRS is capable of shifting the phase, amplitude, frequency, or even polarity of the impinging electromagnetic (EM) wave. However, only the phase-shift type of IRS is widely adopted in most scenarios. In this paper, we exploit the property of such IRS to directly modulate an incident EM wave with phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. We consider one transmit antenna that transmits a continuous single-tone electromagnetic (EM) wave, which is then modulated by the IRS and reflected toward the receiver. In addition to the theoretical explanation, we present simulation results with different modulation orders. Moreover, we validated the simulation results by experiment. Furthermore, we also proposed a beam scanning method to obtain IRS patterns to steer the beam towards the desired direction in an adaptive manner. One optimal pattern that maximizes the received power is then selected from the beam scanning codebook. By doing so, a wireless path strength can be significantly improved.
RFID Tag-equipped Drone for Antenna Array-based Localization: A Step-by-Step MATLAB Simulation Tutorial Arif Abdul Aziz; Muhammad Miftahul Amri
Engineering Science Letter Vol. 1 No. 02 (2022): Engineering Science Letter
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (288.418 KB) | DOI: 10.56741/esl.v1i02.161

Abstract

In the last decades, Radio Frequency Identifiers (RFID) has gained massive popularity.In the last decades, Radio Frequency Identifiers (RFID) have gained massive popularity. RFID technology allows data to be encoded in a small form (tag). The data contained inside the RFID tag can be captured wirelessly by the RFID reader through electromagnetic (EM) waves. On the other hand, localization techniques have achieved significant developments in the last decade. There is a wide range of localization tool variations, including satellite-based localization (i.e., GPSS, GLONASS), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), IMU, camera, infrared sensor, and even RF-based localization. In this work, we present an accurate localization technique via battery-less passive RFID tag-UAV integration. We have employed two low-complexity methods: generalized cross-correlation with phase transformation (GCC-PHAT) algorithm and triangulation technique. By simulation, we have validated that an accurate antenna array-based dynamic localization can be realized. For the sake of simplicity, we only demonstrate two-dimensional movement. However, the identical method can also be used in the three-dimensional movement. While this paper considers only two antenna arrays and one RFID tag, the proposed concept can be expanded to a more extensive system with a larger number of antenna arrays and RFID tags.
LSB Steganography to Embed Creator's Watermark in Batik Digital Arts Muhammad Miftahul Amri; Mahamadaree Waeno; Muhammad Zain Musa
Engineering Science Letter Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): Engineering Science Letter
Publisher : The Indonesian Institute of Science and Technology Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56741/esl.v2i01.301

Abstract

This paper presents an implementation of Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography to embed a hidden watermark in batik digital images. The goal of the technique is to provide a means of protecting the intellectual property of creators of batik digital arts while still allowing the images to be freely distributed and shared. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique by showing that the embedded watermark is not visible to the human eye and does not significantly alter the quality of the image. The proposed technique uses the LSB method to embed a watermark in the binary data of the batik digital image. This method involves replacing the least significant bit of the image's pixel values with the bits of the watermark, thus altering the binary data of the image without causing noticeable changes in its visual appearance. The embedded watermark can only be detected by a decoding process, making it difficult to be removed or tampered with. The results of the study show that the implemented LSB steganography technique is successful in achieving its objective. The technique is able to effectively embed a hidden watermark in batik digital images without significantly altering the image quality or causing visual artifacts. This work highlights the potential of LSB steganography as a valuable tool for protecting the intellectual property of digital art creators, particularly in the field of batik images. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on steganography and digital media protection. The successful implementation of the LSB steganography technique provides a promising approach for safeguarding the intellectual property of creators in the digital arts industry. Future research may explore other steganography techniques to address potential vulnerabilities and limitations of the LSB method.