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All Journal BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Veteriner
Pius P. Ketaren
Indonesian Animal Production Research Institute
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary

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IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF FIBER HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE EXTRACT OF TERMITES (Glyptotermes montanus) FOR POULTRY FEED APPLICATION Purwadari, Tresnawati; Ketaren, Pius P.; Sinurat, Arnold P.; Sutikno, Irawan
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 4, No 2 (2003): October 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Poultry are not able to digest fiber in the diet. Hydrolytic enzymes including cellulases and hemicellulases have been used as poultry feed supplement. Termites (Glyptotermes montanus) have the ability to digest wood that contains high fiber. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the cellulase and hemicellulase of termite extract. The hydrolytic (saccharification) activity of the termite extract on feedstuffs was thenevaluated. It contained high endo-β-D-1,4-glucanase (CMCase) activity, but the activities of avicelase, β-D-1,4-mannanase, β- D-1,4-xylanase, and β-D-1,4-glucosidase were very low. The activities of the enzymes were higher in the fresh extract than those extracted after drying at 40oC with blower oven. CMCase (as cellulase), β-D-1,4-mannanase (as  hemicellulase), and β-D- 1,4-glucosidase (as glycosidase) were reevaluated further to determine the optimum pH and temperatures for maximum activities. The optimum pH for CMCase, β-D-1,4-mannanase,and β-D-1,4-glucosidase were 6.2, 5.0, and 5.8 respectively, while the optimum temperatures were 45-50oC, 50-55oC, and 42-45oC, respectively. The enzyme mixture or cocktail was more appropriate in digesting feedstuffs with high lignocellulose (fiber) such as rice bran and pollard than feedstuffs with more soluble starch such as soybean and corn meals. The extracted enzyme could be immobilized with pollard, butCMCase recovery was low (28.6%), while β-D-1,4-mannanase and β-D-1,4-glucosidase recoveries were 89.2% and 272.9%, respectively. Termite extract contained enzyme cocktails of lignocellulases that potentially be used as feed supplement. However, its use is limited by its low activity.
Substitutions of soybean meal with enriched palm kernel meal in laying hens diet Sinurat, Arnold P.; Purwadaria, Tresnawati; Ketaren, Pius P.; Pasaribu, Tiurma
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v19i3.1081

Abstract

A series of experiment was conducted in order to substitute soybean meal (SBM) with palm kernel cake (PKC) as a protein source in laying hens diet. First experiment was to increase its protein and amino acids content by fermentation process and followed by enzymes supplementation to improve nutrient digestibilities. Second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enzyme- supplemented fermented palm kernel cake (EFPKC) to replace SBM in laying hens diet. The energy (AME) of the PKC, the fermented PKC (FPKC) and the EFPKC was measured by ileal amino acids digestibility (IAAD) in broilers. The AME and the IAAD values of the EFPKC were used for diet formulation in the feeding trial. A feeding trial was performed in laying hens, aged 51 weeks for 8 weeks egg production. Five diets with different levels of substitution of SBM with EFPKC but similar nutrient contents were formulated, i.e.: 1. Control (without EFPKC), 2. 25% of SBM in control diet substituted with EFPKC, 3. 50% of SBM in control diet substituted with EFPKC, 4. 75% of SBM in control diet substituted with EFPKC and 5. 100% of SBM in control diet substituted with EFPKC. Each diet was fed to 24 hens (6 replicates of 4 birds/ replicate). Results of the experiment showed that the fermentation of PKC increased the crude protein and most of the amino acids contents except the threonine and arginine, but decreased its AME.  Supplementation of enzymes (BS4 or CE) improved the ileal amino acid digestibilities of the fermented PKC. However, only BS4 enzymes increased the AME of the EFPKC. About 25% to 50% of the SBM in the diet could be substituted with the EFPKC without any detrimental effect on the performances of laying hens. Key Words: Soybean Meal, Palm Kernel Cake, Fermentation, Enzyme, Egg Production
SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES PRODUCED BY EUPENICILLIUM JAVANICUM AND ASPERGILLUS NIGER NRRL 337 ON PALM OIL FACTORY WASTES PURWADARIA, TRESNAWATI; NIRWANA, NONI; KETAREN, Pius P.; PRADONO, DYAH ISWANTINI; WIDYASTUTI, YANTYATI
BIOTROPIA No. 20 (2003)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2003.0.20.178

Abstract

The use of palm kernel cake (PKC) and palm oil mill effluent (POME), substances from palm oil factory wastes, for monogastric is limited by their high cellulose and mannan contents. Hydrolytic enzymes have been supplemented to increase the nutrient digestibility. The maximal digestibility was obtained in the synergistic action of all enzyme components including B-D-endoglucanase (CMCase), B-D-glucosidase, B-D-mannanase, p-D-mannosidase, and oc-D-galactosidase. Two kinds of enzymes produced by Eupenicillium javanicum  and Aspergillus niger NRRL 337 on the submerged culture containing 3% coconut meal were selected to hydrolyze PKC or dry POME. Enzyme from E. javanicum contained higher CMCase, B-D-mannanase, and a-D-galactosidase activities, while that from  A. niger  NRRL 337 contained more p-D-glucosidase and p-D-mannosidase activities. Saccharification (hydrolytic) activities of enzyme mixtures on PKC and POME were determined at pH 5.0, the optimal pH for p-D-mannanase from  E. javanicum,  and at 5.4 the optimal pH for a-D-galactosidase from  E. javanicum  and P-D-glucosidase from  A. niger NRRL 337. The enzyme proportions of E. javanicum and A. niger NRRL 337 were 100 : 0, 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 40 : 60, and 0 : 100%. The highest Saccharification activity on both substrates was observed on the mixture of 80% A. niger NRRL 337. The pH levels did not significantly affect Saccharification activity. Fiber components in PKC were more digestable than in POME. Further analysis on the reducing sugar components using thin layer chromatography showed that more monomers were produced in the 60 or 80% of A. niger NRRL 337. The glycosidases of A. niger NRRL 337 played more important role in the Saccharification activity. Keywords:        Synergistic activity/ palm kernel cake/palm oil mill effluent/ Eupenicillium javanicum/ Aspergillus niger NRRL 337
OPTIMIZATION OF CELLULASE PRODUCTION WITH PENICILLIUM NALGIOVENSE Sll GROWN ON PRETREATED WHEAT POLLARD PURWADARIA, TRESNAWATI; KUMALASARI, AGNES T.; TUTIHARYATI; KETAREN, PIUS P.; SINURAT1, ARNOLD P.
BIOTROPIA No. 23 (2004)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (360.752 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2004.0.23.202

Abstract

The cellulase production with Penicillium nalgiovense S11 on wheat pollard was enhanced using substrate pretreatments, i.e.: (i) mechanic process by Wiley milling, (ii) reducing sugars removal by water soaking, and (iii) chemical pretrcatment by 0.5% NaOH soaking at 100°C. The enzyme production stated as enzyme activities of all prctrcated substrates were higher than the untreated substrate. Although soaking with water showed significant increase in enzyme activities, the highest CMCase (EC 3.2.1.4), FPase (filter papcrase) and p-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were observed on NaOH pretreated pollard. The NaOH prctreatment also enhanced the enzyme production by increasing substrate concentration from 2 to 4%. The optimal incubation time in the cellulase production on 4% NaOH-pretrcated pollard was observed on the fifth day. Addition of 250 ppm glucose also increased the enzyme activities. The optimal treatments increased the specific activities of CMCase, FPase, and |3-glucosidase into 60, 4, and 198  times, respectively, as compared to the specific activities on 2% unpretreated pollard. Keywords  :   Cellulase production/ pollard pretreatments/ water soaking/ NaOH  soaking
Co-Authors Arnold P. Sinurat Dyah Iswantini Irawan Sutikno KUMALASARI, AGNES T. NIRWANA, NONI SINURAT1, ARNOLD P. Tiurma Pasaribu Tresnawati Purwadari Tresnawati Purwadaria TUTIHARYATI Yantyati Widyastuti