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Potensi Polisakarida dari Limbah Buah-buahan sebagai Koagulan Alami dalam Pengolahan Air dan Limbah Cair: Review Hans Kristianto; Angelica Jennifer; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Susiana Prasetyo
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.57798

Nowadays, various studies related to utilization of biobased materials as natural coagulants have been explored. Based on the source, natural coagulants can be classified as animal, vegetable, or microbial based. Furthermore, based on the active ingredients, it can be classified as protein, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are abundant natural ingredients and are often found in plants or animals. In this study, we focused on polysaccharides, especially those from fruit waste, such as seeds and fruit peels. It is known that around 25-30% of the total weight of fruit is generally wasted, even though it contains phytochemicals and various active ingredients that can be utilized, especially as a natural coagulant. This review will focus on the use of pectin and starch from fruit waste as natural coagulants for water- wastewater treatment. Generally, pectin is commonly found in the skin of fruits as part of the cell wall structure, while starch is found in fruit seeds as food reserves. To be used as a natural coagulant, pectin or starch need to be extracted first. In particular, starch needs to be modified either physically or chemically. The coagulation mechanism of pectin and starch usually follows the interparticle bridging mechanism. The use of pectin and starch from fruit waste needs to be explored and further investigated, to substitute the use of chemical coagulants.Keywords: coagulation; fruit waste; natural coagulant; polysaccharidesA B S T R A KDewasa ini berbagai studi terkait pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai koagulan alami telah banyak dieksplorasi. Berdasarkan sumbernya, koagulan alami dapat digolongkan berbasis hewani, nabati, maupun mikrobial, sementara berdasarkan bahan aktifnya dapat digolongkan sebagai protein, polifenol, dan polisakarida. Polisakarida merupakan bahan alam yang berlimpah dan seringkali dijumpai pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan. Pada kajian ini difokuskan pada polisakarida terutama yang berasal dari limbah buah-buahan yang tidak termanfaatkan, seperti biji dan kulit buah. Diketahui sekitar 25-30% dari total berat buah pada umumnya terbuang, padahal memiliki kandungan fitokimia dan berbagai bahan aktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai koagulan alami. Pada tinjauan ini akan difokuskan pada pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan sebagai koagulan alami untuk pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Secara umum pektin umum dijumpai pada bagian kulit buah-buahan sebagai bagian dari struktur dinding sel, sementara pati umum dijumpai pada biji buah-buahan sebagai cadangan makanan. Untuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai koagulan alami, pektin ataupun pati perlu diekstrak terlebih dahulu, dan pati secara khusus perlu dimodifikasi baik secara fisika maupun kimia. Secara umum mekanisme koagulasi oleh pektin dan pati mengikuti mekanisme interparticle bridging. Pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan perlu dieksplorasi dan diteliti lebih lanjut, agar dapat mensubstitusi penggunaan koagulan kimia secara komersial.Kata kunci: koagulasi; koagulan alami; limbah buah-buahan; polisakarida

Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of Phosphorylated Mung Bean Starch: The Effect of pH on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties Illona Nathania; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Henky Muljana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 17, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) is a grain legume widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Mung bean seeds contain a significant amount of carbohydrate (63%-w/w) and are easily digested compared to seeds from other legumes. Mung bean starch has the potential to be used as thickener or gelling agents in food industries. Certain functional properties of mung bean starch, however, still need to be improved. In this research, a preliminary study was performed to upgrade mung bean starch properties using phosphorylation reaction. In particular, the effect of starch suspension pH (6–10) on the functional properties of the modified products was investigated. Phosphorylation was carried out at 130 °C, for 2 h using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) with an intake of 5%-w based on dry starch. The phosphorylated products were subsequently washed with water and dried. The experimental results show that the P-content of the phosphorylated mung bean starch is accessible in the range of 0.04–0.08%. The solubility (6.09–11.37%-w/w) and swelling power (9.88–11.17 g/g) of the modified starch products have been improved compared to native starch (solubility = 6.06 %-w/w, swelling power = 8.05 g/g). Phosphorylation also proved to increase peak viscosity, paste clarity, and water absorption/oil absorption capacity of the products.

Sintesis polivinil alkohol tersulfonasi sebagai katalis dalam produksi metil ester: review Maria Gracella Irawan; Henky Muljana; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Usman Oemar; Jessica Atin
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 16, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.70698

A B S T R A C TSulfonated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in esterification or transesterification reactions during methyl ester production. This catalyst with PVA support has the potential to be used commercially like Amberlyst 46. However, there are several drawbacks in the conventional methods to produce sulfonated PVA compared to Amberlyst 46. In this paper, various processes of sulfonated PVA synthesis will be discussed including the advantages and disadvantages compared to Amberlyst 46. The synthesis of sulfonated PVA catalysts can be carried out using sulfosuccinate acid reagents or other acid reagents that have sulfonic groups that act as the active sites of the catalysts. The use of sulfosuccinate acid as the reagent produces catalysts with better catalytic activity, but the resulting product is not in granule form like Amberlyst 46 and can only be used continuously for seven times. The use of chlorosulfonic acid as the reagent resulted in granular catalysts. However, the catalyst has less catalytic activity and stability, and the reagent has a relatively high environmental impact. For the synthesis performed using sulfuric acid as the reagent, no result regarding catalytic activity has been reported elsewhere. The blending of the catalyst with other polymers resulted in improvements in the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol. After a careful review of the procedures, we propose blending or double cross-linking processes combined with sulfonated PVA synthesis as a promising method to increase the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the catalysts. However, it is necessary to perform further laboratory validations on the catalytic activity of the catalysts produced from the combined method because blending may reduce the acid capacity of the catalyst.Keywords: esterification catalyst, polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonation A B S T R A KPolivinil alkohol (PVA) tersulfonasi dapat digunakan sebagai katalis heterogen dalam reaksi esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi dalam produksi metil ester. Katalis dengan support polivinil alkohol ini berpotensi untuk digunakan secara komersial seperti Amberlyst 46. Akan tetapi, PVA tersulfonasi yang disintesis secara konvensional masih memiliki banyak kekurangan dibandingkan dengan Amberlyst 46. Pada kajian ini akan dibahas mengenai berbagai alternatif proses sintesis PVA tersulfonasi termasuk kelebihan dan kekurangannya jika dibandingkan dengan Amberlyst 46. Sintesis katalis PVA tersulfonasi dapat dilakukan menggunakan reagen asam sulfosuksinat (SSA) maupun reagen asam lainnya yang memiliki gugus sulfonat yang berperan sebagai situs aktif katalis. Penggunaan reagen SSA menghasilkan katalis dengan aktivitas katalitik yang baik namun produk yang dihasilkan tidak berbentuk granula seperti Amberlyst 46 dan hanya dapat digunakan ulang sebanyak tujuh kali. Penggunaan reagen asam klorosulfonat dapat menghasilkan katalis berbentuk granula, namun memiliki aktivitas katalitik dan kestabilan kurang baik, serta reagen yang digunakan cukup berbahaya. Untuk proses sintesis menggunakan reagen asam sulfat belum ada hasil mengenai aktivitas katalitik, tetapi dengan adanya blending dengan polimer lain dapat memperbaiki kestabilan termal dan kekuatan mekanik PVA tersulfonasi yang dihasilkan. Proses blending atau double cross-linking yang digabung dengan sintesis PVA tersulfonasi dapat meningkatkan kestabilan termal dan kekuatan mekanik sehingga metode gabungan ini diyakini sebagai metode yang paling potensial dilakukan untuk menghasilkan PVA tersulfonasi dengan karakteristik terbaik. Meskipun demikian, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut disertai tahapan pengujian aktivitas katalitik pada katalis yang dihasilkan dari metode gabungan karena kemungkinan proses blending dapat mengurangi kapasitas asam pada katalis.Kata kunci: katalis esterifikasi; polivinil alkohol; sulfonasi

Sintesis polivinil alkohol tersulfonasi sebagai katalis dalam produksi metil ester: review Maria Gracella Irawan; Henky Muljana; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Usman Oemar; Jessica Atin
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 16, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.70698

A B S T R A C TSulfonated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in esterification or transesterification reactions during methyl ester production. This catalyst with PVA support has the potential to be used commercially like Amberlyst 46. However, there are several drawbacks in the conventional methods to produce sulfonated PVA compared to Amberlyst 46. In this paper, various processes of sulfonated PVA synthesis will be discussed including the advantages and disadvantages compared to Amberlyst 46. The synthesis of sulfonated PVA catalysts can be carried out using sulfosuccinate acid reagents or other acid reagents that have sulfonic groups that act as the active sites of the catalysts. The use of sulfosuccinate acid as the reagent produces catalysts with better catalytic activity, but the resulting product is not in granule form like Amberlyst 46 and can only be used continuously for seven times. The use of chlorosulfonic acid as the reagent resulted in granular catalysts. However, the catalyst has less catalytic activity and stability, and the reagent has a relatively high environmental impact. For the synthesis performed using sulfuric acid as the reagent, no result regarding catalytic activity has been reported elsewhere. The blending of the catalyst with other polymers resulted in improvements in the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol. After a careful review of the procedures, we propose blending or double cross-linking processes combined with sulfonated PVA synthesis as a promising method to increase the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the catalysts. However, it is necessary to perform further laboratory validations on the catalytic activity of the catalysts produced from the combined method because blending may reduce the acid capacity of the catalyst.Keywords: esterification catalyst, polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonation A B S T R A KPolivinil alkohol (PVA) tersulfonasi dapat digunakan sebagai katalis heterogen dalam reaksi esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi dalam produksi metil ester. Katalis dengan support polivinil alkohol ini berpotensi untuk digunakan secara komersial seperti Amberlyst 46. Akan tetapi, PVA tersulfonasi yang disintesis secara konvensional masih memiliki banyak kekurangan dibandingkan dengan Amberlyst 46. Pada kajian ini akan dibahas mengenai berbagai alternatif proses sintesis PVA tersulfonasi termasuk kelebihan dan kekurangannya jika dibandingkan dengan Amberlyst 46. Sintesis katalis PVA tersulfonasi dapat dilakukan menggunakan reagen asam sulfosuksinat (SSA) maupun reagen asam lainnya yang memiliki gugus sulfonat yang berperan sebagai situs aktif katalis. Penggunaan reagen SSA menghasilkan katalis dengan aktivitas katalitik yang baik namun produk yang dihasilkan tidak berbentuk granula seperti Amberlyst 46 dan hanya dapat digunakan ulang sebanyak tujuh kali. Penggunaan reagen asam klorosulfonat dapat menghasilkan katalis berbentuk granula, namun memiliki aktivitas katalitik dan kestabilan kurang baik, serta reagen yang digunakan cukup berbahaya. Untuk proses sintesis menggunakan reagen asam sulfat belum ada hasil mengenai aktivitas katalitik, tetapi dengan adanya blending dengan polimer lain dapat memperbaiki kestabilan termal dan kekuatan mekanik PVA tersulfonasi yang dihasilkan. Proses blending atau double cross-linking yang digabung dengan sintesis PVA tersulfonasi dapat meningkatkan kestabilan termal dan kekuatan mekanik sehingga metode gabungan ini diyakini sebagai metode yang paling potensial dilakukan untuk menghasilkan PVA tersulfonasi dengan karakteristik terbaik. Meskipun demikian, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut disertai tahapan pengujian aktivitas katalitik pada katalis yang dihasilkan dari metode gabungan karena kemungkinan proses blending dapat mengurangi kapasitas asam pada katalis.Kata kunci: katalis esterifikasi; polivinil alkohol; sulfonasi

Sintesis katalis asam heterogen berbasis polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan pemanfaatannya dalam produksi metil ester asam lemak Hartono, Ryan; Muljana, Henky; Sugih, Asaf Kleopas; Oemar, Usman; Atin, Jessica; Ahimsa, Gadmon
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 17, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.84514

Sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol is a potential heterogeneous acid catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production. The catalyst (PVA/SSA) was synthesized via an esterification reaction between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sulfosuccinic acid (SSA). This research aimed to study the effect of several process variables, such as the molecular weight (MW) of PVA, washing step with methanol, annealing conditions (time, temperature, and annealing pressure), and drying temperature on the performance of the PVA/SSA catalyst in methanol and free fatty acid (FFA) esterification. The sulfonated PVA catalyst was successfully synthesized, as indicated by the presence of the sulfonate group (SO3) at an absorption band of 1267 cm-1 and the carbonyl group (C=O) at an absorption band of 1628 cm-1 in the FT-IR spectra. The resulting PVA/SSA catalyst shows a good performance, where maximum conversion of the fatty acid esterification reaction can reach 81.9%. In addition, the catalyst can be used for at least four repetitions with a decrease in FAME conversion from the first to the second stage of 28.2% and has relatively stable performance in the second and subsequent reactions (conversion range 49, 1% - 58.8%). The resulting catalyst also has good thermal stability with a first-stage degradation range of 200oC to 290oC, allowing it to be applied in a temperature range suitable to the FAME manufacturing industries requirement.

Sintesis katalis asam heterogen berbasis polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan pemanfaatannya dalam produksi metil ester asam lemak Hartono, Ryan; Muljana, Henky; Sugih, Asaf Kleopas; Oemar, Usman; Atin, Jessica; Ahimsa, Gadmon
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 17, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.84514

Sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol is a potential heterogeneous acid catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production. The catalyst (PVA/SSA) was synthesized via an esterification reaction between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sulfosuccinic acid (SSA). This research aimed to study the effect of several process variables, such as the molecular weight (MW) of PVA, washing step with methanol, annealing conditions (time, temperature, and annealing pressure), and drying temperature on the performance of the PVA/SSA catalyst in methanol and free fatty acid (FFA) esterification. The sulfonated PVA catalyst was successfully synthesized, as indicated by the presence of the sulfonate group (SO3) at an absorption band of 1267 cm-1 and the carbonyl group (C=O) at an absorption band of 1628 cm-1 in the FT-IR spectra. The resulting PVA/SSA catalyst shows a good performance, where maximum conversion of the fatty acid esterification reaction can reach 81.9%. In addition, the catalyst can be used for at least four repetitions with a decrease in FAME conversion from the first to the second stage of 28.2% and has relatively stable performance in the second and subsequent reactions (conversion range 49, 1% - 58.8%). The resulting catalyst also has good thermal stability with a first-stage degradation range of 200oC to 290oC, allowing it to be applied in a temperature range suitable to the FAME manufacturing industries requirement.

Pemanfaatan ekstrak protein dari kacang-kacangan sebagai koagulan alami: review Hans Kristianto; Susiana Prasetyo; Asaf Kleopas Sugih
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13 No 2 (2019): Volume 13, Number 2, 2019
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.46292

Coagulation and flocculation are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulant such as alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) are commonly used. These coagulants are known for its effectiveness and simple operation procedure. However, there are some drawbacks such as reduction in pH, potential negative health effect when the treated water is consumed, and large sludge volume. To overcome these problems, utilization of natural coagulants has been proposed. Based on its active coagulating agent, natural coagulant could be divided as polyphenolic, polysaccharides, and protein. Protein from beans and seeds is commonly used as the source of active coagulating agent, due to its effectiveness, availability, and relatively simple pretreatment is needed. Usually the protein is extracted by using 0.5-1 M NaCl solution as globulin is the major protein fraction in beans.The extracted protein could act as cationic polymer to neutralize negatively charged colloids through adsorption-charge neutralization mechanism. Extracted protein could work effectively to treat turbid and waste water with lower cost compared to alum. However, most of existing studies are still focused on small – pilot scale utilization thus further explorations are still needed.

Potensi polisakarida dari limbah buah-buahan sebagai koagulan alami dalam pengolahan air dan limbah cair: Review Hans Kristianto; Angelica Jennifer; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Susiana Prasetyo
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14 No 2 (2020): Volume 14, Number 2, 2020
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.57798

Nowadays, various studies related to utilization of biobased materials as natural coagulants have been explored. Based on the source, natural coagulants can be classified as animal, vegetable, or microbial based. Furthermore, based on the active ingredients, it can be classified as protein, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are abundant natural ingredients and are often found in plants or animals. In this study, we focused on polysaccharides, especially those from fruit waste, such as seeds and fruit peels. It is known that around 25-30% of the total weight of fruit is generally wasted, even though it contains phytochemicals and various active ingredients that can be utilized, especially as a natural coagulant. This review will focus on the use of pectin and starch from fruit waste as natural coagulants for water- wastewater treatment. Generally, pectin is commonly found in the skin of fruits as part of the cell wall structure, while starch is found in fruit seeds as food reserves. To be used as a natural coagulant, pectin or starch need to be extracted first. In particular, starch needs to be modified either physically or chemically. The coagulation mechanism of pectin and starch usually follows the interparticle bridging mechanism. The use of pectin and starch from fruit waste needs to be explored and further investigated, to substitute the use of chemical coagulants.

Sintesis polivinil alkohol tersulfonasi sebagai katalis dalam produksi metil ester: Review Irawan, Maria Gracella; Sugih, Asaf Kleopas; Oemar, Usman; Atin, Jessica; Muljana, Henky
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 16 No 1 (2022): Volume 16, Number 1, 2022
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.70698

Sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in esterification or transesterification reactions during methyl ester production. This catalyst with PVA support has the potential to be used commercially like Amberlyst 46. However, there are several drawbacks in the conventional methods to produce sulfonated PVA compared to Amberlyst 46. In this paper, various processes of sulfonated PVA synthesis will be discussed including the advantages and disadvantages compared to Amberlyst 46. The synthesis of sulfonated PVA catalysts can be carried out using sulfosuccinate acid reagents or other acid reagents that have sulfonic groups that act as the active sites of the catalysts. The use of sulfosuccinate acid as the reagent produces catalysts with better catalytic activity, but the resulting product is not in granule form like Amberlyst 46 and can only be used continuously for seven times. The use of chlorosulfonic acid as the reagent resulted in granular catalysts. However, the catalyst has less catalytic activity and stability, and the reagent has a relatively high environmental impact. For the synthesis performed using sulfuric acid as the reagent, no result regarding catalytic activity has been reported elsewhere. The blending of the catalyst with other polymers resulted in improvements in the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol. After a careful review of the procedures, we propose blending or double cross-linking processes combined with sulfonated PVA synthesis as a promising method to increase the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the catalysts. However, it is necessary to perform further laboratory validations on the catalytic activity of the catalysts produced from the combined method because blending may reduce the acid capacity of the catalyst.

Sintesis katalis asam heterogen berbasis polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan pemanfaatannya dalam produksi metil ester asam lemak Hartono, Ryan; Reinaldo, Nicholas; Muljana, Henky; Sugih, Asaf Kleopas; Oemar, Usman; Atin, Jessica; Ahimsa, Gadmon
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 17 No 2 (2023): Volume 17, Number 2, 2023
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.84514

Polivinil alkohol tersulfonasi merupakan katalis asam heterogen yang potensial untuk produksi metil ester asam lemak (FAME). Katalis (PVA/SSA) disintesis melalui reaksi esterifikasi antara polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan asam sulfosuksinat (SSA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh beberapa variabel proses seperti berat molekul (MW) PVA, tahap pencucian dengan metanol, kondisi annealing (waktu, suhu, dan tekanan annealing), dan suhu pengeringan terhadap kinerja PVA/ Katalis SSA dalam esterifikasi metanol dan asam lemak bebas (FFA). Katalis PVA tersulfonasi berhasil disintesis, ditandai dengan adanya gugus sulfonat (SO3) pada pita serapan 1267 cm-1 dan gugus karbonil (C=O) pada pita serapan 1628 cm-1 pada FT. -Spektrum IR. Katalis PVA/SSA yang dihasilkan menunjukkan kinerja yang baik, dimana konversi maksimum reaksi esterifikasi asam lemak dapat mencapai 81,9%. Selain itu, katalis dapat digunakan minimal empat kali pengulangan dengan penurunan konversi FAME dari tahap pertama ke tahap kedua sebesar 28,2% dan memiliki kinerja yang relatif stabil pada reaksi kedua dan selanjutnya (kisaran konversi 49,1% - 58,8% ). Katalis yang dihasilkan juga memiliki stabilitas termal yang baik dengan kisaran degradasi tahap pertama 200oC hingga 290oC, sehingga memungkinkan untuk diterapkan pada kisaran suhu yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan industri manufaktur FAME.

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