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All Journal Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students Jurnal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society
Mimi Marina Lubis
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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The Relationship of Craniofacial Structure Changes in Mouth Breathing Patients to Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions: A Lateral Cephalometric Study Lubis, Mimi Marina; Bahirrah, Siti; Lubis, Hilda Fitria; Rumaisha, Khalila
Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society Vol 10, No 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Dentistry Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jds.v10i1.47923

Abstract

Background: Prolonged airway obstruction during facial growth can influence the development of craniofacial structures. Conversely, craniofacial deformities may contribute to reduced airway dimensions. Understanding the relationship between craniofacial morphology and pharyngeal airway space is essential, particularly in individuals with altered breathing patterns such as mouth breathing. Objective: This study aimed to determine the differences and relationships between craniofacial structures and pharyngeal airway dimensions in patients with mouth breathing compared to those with normal nasal breathing. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-analytic research design. A total of 20 lateral cephalograms were analyzed10 from patients with normal breathing and 10 from mouth-breathing patients, all presenting with skeletal class II malocclusion. Landmarks were identified manually, and measurements were carried out using the CorelDRAW application. The Unpaired T-test was used to assess differences between groups. The Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between craniofacial structures and airway dimensions in the mouth-breathing group. Results: Significant differences were found in mandibular structure and the oropharyngeal U-MPW plane angle (p 0.05) between mouth breathers and nasal breathers. However, no statistically significant correlation was observed between craniofacial measurements and pharyngeal airway dimensions within the mouth-breathing group. Conclusion: This study concludes that increased anteroposterior skeletal measurements and vertical facial height are not significantly associated with narrowing of pharyngeal airway dimensions in mouth-breathing patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to explore this relationship more comprehensively.
Correlation between of nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structure in 8–15-year-olds: a cross-sectional study Rosady, Chantyka; Lubis, Mimi Marina
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 37, No 3 (2025): November 2025
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol37no3.63459

Abstract

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal dimensions are closely associated with craniofacial structures. Changes in the nasopharynx during facial growth may influence craniofacial development. This study aimed to analyze the correlations between nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structures in children aged 8–15 years. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, based on lateral cephalometry in 66 children aged 8–15 years who attended the Orthodontic Clinic, Universitas Sumatera Utara, from June-December 2022. All participants had skeletal and dental Class I relationships, no harmful habits, and were not on long-term medication. The study measured nasopharyngeal dimensions, including the mean and standard deviation of bony and soft tissue components, and craniofacial structures such as maxillary length, mandibular length, and lower anterior facial height. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The posterior height of the nasal cavity had the highest mean value among nasopharyngeal measurements (53.99 ± 4.30 mm). Among soft tissue parameters, AD1–PNS showed the greatest mean (24.99 ± 4.70 mm) compared with PTV–AD and AD2–PNS. The mandibular length exceeded the maxillary length, and the lower anterior facial height averaged 117.74 ± 8.57 mm. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant correlations (p<0.05) between nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structures. The nasal floor length, posterior height of the nasal cavity, bony nasopharynx height and depth, and soft tissue measures (AD1–PNS, PTV–AD) were significantly correlated with maxillary and mandibular lengths and lower anterior facial height. Conclusion: The posterior height of the nasal cavity demonstrated the highest average value, and mandibular length was greater than maxillary length. In children aged 8–15 years, nasopharyngeal dimensions were correlated with craniofacial structures, with the exception of the nasopharyngeal depth angle and roof angle of the bony nasopharynx.   
Perbedaan dimensi saluran udara faring pada berbagai relasi skeletal Differences of dimension of the pharyngeal airway in various skeletal relations Lubis, Mimi Marina; Jayanthi, Sonia
Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students Vol 3, No 2 (2019): Oktober 2019
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (361.678 KB) | DOI: 10.24198/pjdrs.v3i2.23666

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Faring merupakan otot yang berfungsi sebagai saluran masuk dan keluarnya makanan dan udara. Penilaian terhadap saluran udara faring berhubungan dengan penilaian terhadap fungsi pernafasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa adanya perbedaan dimensi saluran udara faring antara berbagai relasi sagital skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode: Sefalogram lateral dari 100 subjek di bagi menjadi tiga kelompok (masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 40 subjek Kelas I, 34 subjek Kelas II, 26 subjek Kelas III) berdasarkan sudut ANB: Kelas I (ANB 0-4), Kelas II (ANB >4°), Kelas III (ANB <0°). Seluruh sefalogram lateral dilakukan tracing dan pengukuran secara manual. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap lebar nasofaring (PNS-UPW), lebar orofaring (U-MPW), lebar laringofaring (V-LPW). Hasil: Analisa statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada lebar orofaring (U-MPW) di antara relasi sagital skeletal yang berbeda (p<0,05). Perbedaan pada jenis kelamin ditemukan pada lebar laringofaring (V-LPW) (p<0,05). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan dimensi saluran udara faring di antara relasi skeletal dan jenis kelamin yang berbeda.Kata kunci: Dimensi saluran udara faring, sefalometri lateral, relasi sagital skeletal.  ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pharynx is a muscle that functions as an inlet and outlet for food and air. The evaluation of the pharyngeal airway is related to the evaluation of respiratory function. The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences of dimension of the pharyngeal airway in various skeletal relations in men and women. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects divided into three groups (each group consisted of 40 Class I subject, 34 Class II subjects, and 26 Class III subjects) based on the ANB angles: Class I (ANB 0-4), Class II ( ANB >4 °), Class III (ANB <0 °). All lateral cephalograms were manually traced and measured. Measurements were made of nasopharyngeal width (PNS-UPW), oropharyngeal width (U-MPW), and laryngopharyngeal width (V-LPW). Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the width of the oropharynx (U-MPW) between different skeletal sagittal relations (p < 0.05). Sex differences were found in laryngopharyngeal width (V-LPW) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the dimension of the pharyngeal airway between different skeletal and gender relations.Keywords: Dimension of the pharyngeal airway, lateral cephalometry, sagittal skeletal relations. 
Perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah pada maloklusi Kelas I dan II skeletal The vertical facial height difference between skeletal class I and II malocclusions Lubis, Mimi Marina; Fulvian, Jasver
Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students Vol 5, No 1 (2021): April 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjdrs.v5i1.29376

Abstract

ABSTRAK  Pendahuluan: Tinggi vertikal wajah berperan penting untuk menghasilkan bentuk wajah yang seimbang. Bentuk wajah dibagi menjadi hiperdivergen, normodivergen, dan hipodivergen. Tinggi vertikal wajah pada setiap individu dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor herediter, ras, jenis kelamin, kebiasaan buruk dan maloklusi. Maloklusi dapat menjadi penyebab perubahan dari struktur kraniofasial dan juga dapat mengganggu estetika pada wajah. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah pada maloklusi kelas I dan II skeletal dan perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah pada maloklusi kelas I dan II skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode: Jenis penelitian cross-sectional, populasi penelitian adalah pasien ortodonti yang pernah dirawat di RSGM USU. Besar sampel pada penelitian ini dihitung menggunakan rumus dua proporsi. Sampel penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi didapatkan sebanyak 96 sampel. Kriteria inklusi pada penelitian ini adalah pasien ortodonti yang pernah dirawat di RSGM USU berusia 8-15 tahun, tidak memiliki kebiasaan buruk, tidak pernah mengalami trauma, dan fraktur kraniofasial. Kriteria eksklusi pada penelitian ini adalah tidak pernah melakukan perawatan ortodonti. Subjek maloklusi skeletal diperoleh melalui pengukuran berdasarkan metode Steiner, kemudian dilakukan pengukuran tinggi vertikal wajah menggunakan metode Jarabak (S-Go/N-Me)%. Hasil: Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada tinggi vertikal wajah antara kelas I dan II skeletal dengan nilai  p=0,005 (p<0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada tinggi vertikal wajah antara jenis kelamin laki-laki dan perempuan dengan nilai p=0,447 (p>0,05). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah pada kelas I dan II skeletal namun tidak terdapat perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Kata kunci: Tinggi vertikal wajah, metode Jarabak, maloklusi kelas II dan kelas II skeletal, metode Steiner. ABSTRACT  Introduction: The vertical height of the face plays an essential role in producing a balanced face shape. The facial shape is divided into hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent. The vertical facial height in each individual can be influenced by hereditary factors, race, gender, bad habits, and malocclusion. Malocclusion can change the craniofacial structure and also interfere the facial aesthetics. This study was aimed to analyse the difference in the vertical facial height in skeletal class I and II malocclusions and the difference in the vertical facial height in skeletal class I and II malocclusions in males and females. Methods: This study was cross-sectional. The study population was orthodontic patients who had been treated at Universitas Sumatra Utara Dental Hospital. The sample in this study was calculated using the formula of two proportions. The research sample that met the inclusion criteria was 96 samples. In this study, the inclusion criteria were orthodontic patients treated at Universitas Sumatra Utara Dental Hospital aged 8-15 years, with no bad habits, never experienced trauma and craniofacial fractures. The exclusion criteria in this study was never had orthodontic treatment. Skeletal malocclusion of the subjects was measured with the Steiner method, then the vertical height of the face was measured using the Jarabak method (S-Go / N-Me)%. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the vertical facial height between skeletal class I and II malocclusions, with p-value=0.005 (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the vertical facial height between male and female with p-value=0.447 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is a difference in the vertical facial height in skeletal class I and II malocclusions. However, there is no difference in vertical facial height between male and female. Keywords: Vertical facial height, Jarabak method, class I and class II skeletal malocclusions, Steiner method.
Co-Authors Fulvian, Jasver Jayanthi, Sonia Lubis, Hilda Fitria Rosady, Chantyka Rumaisha, Khalila Siti Bahirrah Siti Nurbayati