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All Journal Kapata Arkeologi Local History & Heritage
Mokhtar Saidin
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex as A Major Industrial Area for the Kedah Tua Kingdom Based on Core Drilling Data Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim; Shyeh Sahibul Karamah Masnan; Nur Khairunnisa Talib; Mokhtar Saidin
Kapata Arkeologi Vol. 17 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Balai Arkeologi Maluku

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24832/kapata.v17i2.71-84

Abstract

Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu adalah kawasan yang terdiri dari himpunan permukiman dan situs pertukaran yang terletak di Lembah Bujang, yang cukup maju sebagai pusat pemerintahan dari abad ke-2 hingga ke-14 Masehi. Temuan arkeologi di Sungai Batu menunjukkan wilayah tersebut merupakan pemukiman yang secara khusus menjadi pusat penghasil besi, baik terlibat dalam kegiatan penambangan maupun peleburan besi. Penelitian lapangan ini menerapkan metode pengeboran inti di kawasan Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh data primer terkait potensinya sebagai pusat kawasan industri Kerajaan Kedah Tua. Bukti arkeologis terkini mengungkapkan bahwa kawasan ini dahulu sebagai pusat bengkel peleburan besi untuk kerajaan Kedah Tua sejak 788 SM. Analisis pengeboran inti berdasarkan contoh tanah jelas menunjukkan bahwa daerah ini merupakan bagian dari teluk laut purba yang luas sebelum turunnya permukaan air laut. Daerah ini lalu berubah menjadi muara sungai yang memungkinkan berdirinya permukiman. Daerah Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu juga kaya akan kandungan bahan baku seperti bijih besi untuk industri peleburan dan alluvium untuk pembuatan batu bata. Daerah ini kemudian berkembang menjadi kompleks industri yang maju sejak 788 SM. Sungai Batu archaeological complex is a group of various settlements and exchange sites located in the Bujang Valley, which developed as a polity from the 2nd to 14th century AD. The archaeological findings at Sungai Batu suggest the position of the area as a polity or settlement specializing in primary iron production, which involved the activities of iron mining and smelting. Field research involving core drilling methods applied in the area of ​​Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex with the main purpose of obtaining primary data related to its potential as a major industrial area of ​​Kedah Tua Kingdom. This is because current archaeological evidence reveals that this area has been used as a major and advanced iron smelting workshop for the Kedah Tua kingdom since 788 BC. Analysis of core drilling (soil samples) clearly shows that this area represented the part of a large ancient marine bay before the sea level decreased. It was changed to become a river estuary allowing settlements to be established. Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex also exposed many raw materials such as iron ore for the smelting industry and alluvium for making a brick. It has developed into a flourishing industrial complex since 788 BC.
Epigraphic Study of Islamic Gravestones at the Lamreh Site in the Context of the Lamuri Kingdom Saryulis Saryulis; Husaini Ibrahim; Wani Maler; Mokhtar Saidin
Local History & Heritage Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Medan Resource Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.57251/lhh.v6i2.2286

Abstract

Lamreh is an archaeological site in Aceh Besar, Aceh, Indonesia, distinguished by numerous gravestones of diverse forms bearing Islamic calligraphic inscriptions. This study examines the extent to which epigraphic evidence from these gravestones reveals social differentiation and possible structures of authority in relation to the historical context of the Lamuri Kingdom. The study employed a surface survey using cluster sampling. The survey identified 474 gravestones, classified into flat, block, and cylindrical forms, of which 41 bear calligraphic inscriptions that include biographical information, the shahada, Sufi expressions, and Qur’anic verses. The inscriptions identify Sultan Muhammad bin ‘Alawuddin (1431 CE), Sultan Muhammad Syah (1503 CE), and individuals bearing the titles Malik, Qadhi, Amir Qura, Sirajul Muluk, and Syeikh. The epigraphic evidence indicates social differentiation and the possible existence of structures of authority within the contemporary society. Although these findings may be situated within the historical context of Lamuri, directly attributing all identified individuals and titles to the kingdom’s governmental structure requires further contextual evidence.
Co-Authors Amir Husni Husaini Ibrahim Mohammad Irfan Farraz Haecal Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim Nur Khairunnisa Talib Razali Abdullah Saryulis Saryulis Shyeh Sahibul Karamah Masnan Syarifuddin Hasyim Wani Maler