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IS HER DIAGNOSIS MAJOR DEPRESSION OR SEXUAL REPRESSION?: A NON-WESTERN FIJIAN FEMALE CLINICAL SINGLE CASE STUDY Marai, Leo
Jurnal Psikologi Vol 26, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

This article presents a case of a 25-year-old non-western Fijian working class woman who became severely depressed following a love relationship problem. During six months of cognitive-behavioral treatment involving two 1 hour weekly session specifically applying Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (1979) standard cognitive therapy resulted in no treatment gain. This indicates the inefficacy of such intervention, thus being attributed to differential clinical diagnosis of the syndrome. After termination of therapy, a further in-dept case analysis and review of the patient revealed the importance of sexual repression as possible underlying syndrome, thus suggesting Freudâ€™s psychoanalytic conceptualization of this problem as a possible explanation of her many depressive and anxious symptoms. A prospective suggestion on possible psychoanalytic treatment is advocated for in such future case of similar nature. The problems of classification of mental disorders in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM), clinical diagnosis, clinical judgment, and therapeutic bias, are briefly highlighted and discussed with some concluding suggestions. Keywords: Diagnosis Major Depression or Sexual Repression

DOUBLE DE-MOTIVATION AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AMONG TEACHERS IN INDONESIA Marai, Leo
Jurnal Psikologi Vol 28, No 1 (2001)
Publisher : Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The â€œdouble de-motivationâ€ hypothesis (Carr & MacLachlan, 1993/4; MacLachlan & Carr, 1993) has empirically been established by recent studies (e.g., Carr et al., 1996; McLoughlin & Carr, 1997), however, the other motivational effects on organizational dynamics that this phenomenon symbiosis with has not been explored. One principal human factor that has direct link to double de-motivation is intrinsic motivation. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the double de-motivation hypothesis and intrinsic motivation among English teachers in Indonesia. A total of 188 participants responded to Carr et alâ€™s (1996) pay and job satisfaction scale and Morse and Weissâ€™s (1955) Lottery Questionnaire (LQ). Based on pay differential criteria derived from the first segment of pay and job satisfaction scale, expatriate and local teachers were classified into underpaid (n = 66, local teachers), overpaid (n = 60, expatriate teachers), and equitable paid (n = 62, local and expatriate teachers) groups. On the basis of theoretical and literature review of double de-motivation and intrinsic motivation, two hypotheses emerged in this study. First, to replicate double de-motivation, it was predicted that the underpaid and overpaid groups will be de-motivated, thus experiencing double de-motivation as compared with the equitable paid group. The results supported the hypothesis and showed distinctively that the underpaid and overpaid groups were significantly less satisfied or de-motivated than equitable paid group, thus confirming the existence of double de-motivation. Second, it was predicted that the underpaid and overpaid groups will possess less intrinsic motivation as compared to the equitable paid group. The results revealed that both the underpaid and overpaid groups possessed significantly lower level of intrinsic motivation than equitable paid group. The findings are discussed in relation to organisational management for inequity in salary, and the shortcoming of the study is highlighted with a concluding recommendation. Key words: double de-motivation, inequity, intrinsic motivation

IS HER DIAGNOSIS MAJOR DEPRESSION OR SEXUAL REPRESSION?: A NON-WESTERN FIJIAN FEMALE CLINICAL SINGLE CASE STUDY Leo Marai
Jurnal Psikologi Vol 26, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

This article presents a case of a 25-year-old non-western Fijian working class woman who became severely depressed following a love relationship problem. During six months of cognitive-behavioral treatment involving two 1 hour weekly session specifically applying Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (1979) standard cognitive therapy resulted in no treatment gain. This indicates the inefficacy of such intervention, thus being attributed to differential clinical diagnosis of the syndrome. After termination of therapy, a further in-dept case analysis and review of the patient revealed the importance of sexual repression as possible underlying syndrome, thus suggesting Freud’s psychoanalytic conceptualization of this problem as a possible explanation of her many depressive and anxious symptoms. A prospective suggestion on possible psychoanalytic treatment is advocated for in such future case of similar nature. The problems of classification of mental disorders in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM), clinical diagnosis, clinical judgment, and therapeutic bias, are briefly highlighted and discussed with some concluding suggestions. Keywords: Diagnosis Major Depression or Sexual Repression

DOUBLE DE-MOTIVATION AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AMONG TEACHERS IN INDONESIA Leo Marai
Jurnal Psikologi Vol 28, No 1 (2001)
Publisher : Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The “double de-motivation” hypothesis (Carr & MacLachlan, 1993/4; MacLachlan & Carr, 1993) has empirically been established by recent studies (e.g., Carr et al., 1996; McLoughlin & Carr, 1997), however, the other motivational effects on organizational dynamics that this phenomenon symbiosis with has not been explored. One principal human factor that has direct link to double de-motivation is intrinsic motivation. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the double de-motivation hypothesis and intrinsic motivation among English teachers in Indonesia. A total of 188 participants responded to Carr et al’s (1996) pay and job satisfaction scale and Morse and Weiss’s (1955) Lottery Questionnaire (LQ). Based on pay differential criteria derived from the first segment of pay and job satisfaction scale, expatriate and local teachers were classified into underpaid (n = 66, local teachers), overpaid (n = 60, expatriate teachers), and equitable paid (n = 62, local and expatriate teachers) groups. On the basis of theoretical and literature review of double de-motivation and intrinsic motivation, two hypotheses emerged in this study. First, to replicate double de-motivation, it was predicted that the underpaid and overpaid groups will be de-motivated, thus experiencing double de-motivation as compared with the equitable paid group. The results supported the hypothesis and showed distinctively that the underpaid and overpaid groups were significantly less satisfied or de-motivated than equitable paid group, thus confirming the existence of double de-motivation. Second, it was predicted that the underpaid and overpaid groups will possess less intrinsic motivation as compared to the equitable paid group. The results revealed that both the underpaid and overpaid groups possessed significantly lower level of intrinsic motivation than equitable paid group. The findings are discussed in relation to organisational management for inequity in salary, and the shortcoming of the study is highlighted with a concluding recommendation. Key words: double de-motivation, inequity, intrinsic motivation

“Flexing” and the Luxury Lifestyle: A Critique of the “False Solidarity” of Female Officials and Public Figures in Contemporary Indonesian Media Udasmoro, Wening; Marai, Leo
The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies Vol. 5, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

This study aims to explore the practice of “flexing” and the luxury lifestyle as represented in the media both through the self-representation of female public figures on their social media accounts and through coverage by mainstream outlets. These figures include actresses, entertainers, and other widely recognized social personalities. The research is urgent given that the public display of wealth and opulence disseminated through the media generates a domino effect within society, particularly in shaping consumption patterns and fueling an increasingly pervasive culture of consumerism in Indonesia. The proliferation of consumerist culture both reflects and exacerbates social inequality in Indonesia, where poverty remains a fundamental challenge. A gendered perspective, especially feminist scholarship focusing on the concept of “false solidarity” is employed as the analytical lens in this research. Here, false solidarity refers to performative gestures of empathy that reinforce inequality, mock economically disadvantaged women, and normalize such practices through state institutional complicity. The method used is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which examines social practices that contain elements of inequality among members of different social groups, as conveyed through the linguistic discourses circulating on social media.

The fragile upper subject: Gender, digital discourse, and superego collapse in contemporary Indonesian media Udasmoro, Wening; Marai, Leo; Firmonasari, Aprillia
Jurnal Komunikasi Vol. 20 No. 1 (2026): VOLUME 20 NO 1 APRIL 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/komunikasi.vol20.iss1.art1

Studies have been exploring the processes of identity constructionincreasingly intertwined with the behaviors of netizens. The construction ofself-identity is now entangled with global capitalism. The contribution of thisarticle is the exploration of the Superego as a site of vulnerability in the age ofsocial media. In the current media environment, this vulnerability of theSuperego is observable through the figure of the prominent individual whosevisibility, amplified by significant social capital, draws both admiration andhostility from followers. This paper introduces the concept of the UpperSubject to understand such figures. This study focuses on two political figureswho can be categorized as Upper Subjects based on the number of followersthey command on social media: Khofifah Indar Parawansa (the Governor ofEast Java) and Dedi Mulyadi (the Governor of West Java). Both serve as theprimary subjects of this analysis. The study adopts a Critical DiscourseAnalysis (CDA) method to examine how these Upper Subjects are constructedand contested within digital discourse.

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