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The Epidemiology and Control Myiasis in Indonesia Partoutomo, S
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 1 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Myiasis caused by screwworm of Chrysomya bezziana fly has been widely distributed in Indoenesia for years, however myiasis as a disease problem is only reported in local cattle raised under semiextensive management system in West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, South and North Sulawesi. In local cattle raised under an intensive management system in Java, Madura and Bali, disease problems caused by myiasis are unknown. Australian Brahman and Brahman cross cattle which were raised under a ranch system in South Sulawesi and East Sumba, and Merino sheep raised under intensive management system in Bogor and Jakarta are more susceptible to myiasis than local animals. Traditional medicines including tobacco extract, petrol and bettery acid are used for myiasis treatment in the villages, though the scientific background of these medicines are remained unknown. Insecticides and pesticides in the form of ointments are considered more effective against screwworm than in the form of spraying particles, the reasons for this being that C. bezziana flies do not stay long on the body of animals except whilst laying their eggs. Some drugs including ivermectine and methoxychlor are also effective against screwworm. Â Key words : Myiasis, Chrysomya bezziana, screwworm, epidemiology

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma evansi in buffaloes with high and low grade ration Partoutomo, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 2 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Shortages and low grade of forages during the dry season and hard working during paddy cultivation are thought as phenomena triggering clinical diseases or even outbreaks of surra in Indonesia . An experiment using 12 buffaloes, 12-18 months of ages was conducted to disclose that hypothesis . The experimental animals were divided into 4 Groups of 3 animals (2 females and 1 male), Gr*l and Group2 were fed with high grade ration, while Group3 and Group4 with low grade ration. Group I and Group3 were then infected with Trypanosoma evansi Bakit 102 with the dose rate of 107 trypanosomes/head intravenously . Observations were made for 10 weeks after infection . The results indicated that buffaloes in Group I tended to have higher and persistently longer parasitaemia compared to buffaloes in Group3 (P<0 .05). There were only little bitmore severe clinical signs in buffaloes in Group3 compared to those of Groupl . The mean weight gains of buffaloes in Groups with high grade ration was significantly higher compared to those buffaloes in low grade ration (P<0.01), However, it was only slightly different in the weight gain differences between infected and noninfected buffaloes in each Group of ration (about 100 glhead/day)(P>0.05) . The prepatent period of Groupl was 1 .2 days which was not significantly different to 2 days of Group3 (P>0 .05) . There were no direct effects of low grade ration to the pathogenesis of T. evansi . Low grade ration and T. evansi infection complementary reduced the weight gain, consequently buffaloes with low grade ration infected with T. Evansi showed lower weight gain compared to those of high grade ration infected with T. evansi . Â Key words : Trypanosoma evansi, pathogenesis, high grade ration, low grade ration

The susceptibility differences of buffalo and Ongole calves against trickle infection with Fasciola gigantica Wiedosari, Ening; Widjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 1 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A pen trial was carried out in order to determine the susceptibility differences of a trickle infection with Fasciola gigantica in buffalo and Ongole calves. Treated animals were infected orally with 15 metacercariae of F. gigantica twice weekly for 32 weeks and were slaughtered at 36 weeks. The results showed that buffalo calves had significantly lower fluke burdens than Ongole calves (P<0 .01) . All of the infected Ongole calves had fasciola eggs in their faeces 18 weeks after the commencement of infection. In contrast, eggs were detected only in 3 out of 7 infected buffalo calves at week 20, in 4 at week 28 and in 6 at week 30. Faeces of the seventh buffalo remained free of eggs until week 36. Rates of growth were reduced by 25%and 10,3% in infected Ongole and buffalo calves respectively . Circulating blood eosinophilia ofboth hosts, ahallmark of helminth infections, increased following infection, but values in buffaloes was greater than Ongole calves mainly in week 4 and 8 after infection (P<0.01). These results might be concluded that the susceptibility of buffalo calves to trickle infection with F. gigantica was lower compared to Ongole calves. Â Keywords : Fasciola gigantica; susceptibility, buffalo calves, Ongole calves

In vitro studies: The role of immunological cells in Indonesian thin tail sheep in the killing of the liver fluke, Fasciola Estuningsih, S.E; Wiidjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S; ., Spithill; Raadsma, H; Piedrafita, D
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 7, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Previous studies have shown that Indonesian Thin Tail (ET) sheep exhibit high resistance to challenge with Fasciola gigantica when compared with Merino sheep, and this resistance is expressed in early infection. In order to study the role of the immune system in this resistance to ET sheep, in vitro studies were undertaken in the laboratory. In vitro study to confirm the ability of immune cells from ET sheep in the killing of F. gigantica larvae has been done by incubating immune cells and F. gigantica larvae together with immune sera or normal sera. The viability of the larvae was observed over a period 3 days incubation by observing their motility. The results showed that the cells isolated from F. gigantica- challenged ET sheep in the presence of immune sera from ET were able to kill 70% of the larvae. In contrast, cells from infected Merino were unable to kill a significant number of F. gigantica using the same sera source. It seems that the cytotoxicity was dependent on the presence of immune sera and ET peritoneal cells, suggesting the potential role of an antibody-dependent cell cytotoxic (ADCC) mechanism in the resistant ET sheep. Key words: In vitro, Fasciola gigantica, peritoneal cell, sheep gigantica.

Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia Martindah, Eny; Kusumaningsih, A; Widjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S; Frank, B; ., Suhardono
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after harvest of the last seasonal rice crop. Farmers were surveyed in January 1996 to determine their level of knowledge about fasciolosis. The extension program commenced in February, soon after planting the second seasonal rice crop in four villages. At first, leaflets were distributed to farmers, and posters were displayed in each village to provide basic information. Following discussions with village leaders, groups of farmers met in each village to discuss the advantages they saw in each strategy, ways they could implement them, and to identify socio-economic constraints that needed to be overcome. Taped interviews were prepared for a local radio station and the farmer groups. In August, final survey was conducted to determine the change in knowledge and attitudes that had occurred as a result of the extension program. Bennettâs hierarchy was used at each stage to evaluate the effects of inputs and activities. Farmers adopted the techniques of cutting and feeding rice-stems 2/3 above water-level, and isolating cattle from rice-fields during harvest time, as these appeared to be beneficial in social and economic terms; but they rejected the two other practices where they perceived that socio-economic costs exceededbenefits. Â Key words : Fasciolosis control, extension program, cattle, buffalo

Comparative studies of resistance on Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep, St. Croix, merino and the crossbreed of ITT and St. Croix, against the infection of Fasciola gigantica Widjajanti, S; Estuningsih, S.E; Partoutomo, S; Roberts, J.A; Spithill, T.W
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 3 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

resistance is heritable. In order to re-evaluate this evidence, 20 ITT sheep were infected with 350 metacercariae of F. gigantica and for comparison, 10 St. Croix sheep, 10 Merino sheep and 20 crossbred of ITT x St. Croix sheep were also infected with the same dose of metacercariae. The results showed that ITT sheep was highly resistant than the other breed, whereas St. Croix and Merino sheep were susceptible. 60% of the crossbred were as resistant as ITT sheep and the other 40% were as susceptible as the St. Croix sheep. Thus, it is proposed that there might be a hereditary resistance factor such as a dominant gene which inducing the mechanism of resistance in ITT sheep, and there is some indication that IgG2 might act as a blocking antibody that interferes the mechanism of resistance. Â Key words : ITT sheep, Fasciola gigantica, genetic resistance, dominant gene

In vitro killing assays of antisera antibody sheep post-infected with Fasciola gigantica with the presence of macrophages cells against homologous and heterologous liver flukes Estuningsih, S.E; Widjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S; Spithill, T.W
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 3 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The previous artificial infection known that the Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep was resistance against the liver fluke of Fasciola gigantica, the resistances occurred in the early infection. In order to observe the immune resistance, some in vitro studies were undertaken in the laboratory, to assay the ability of the antisera antibody of ITT sheep post-infected with F. gigantica, with the presence of macrophages cells in killing the homologous and heterologous liver flukes. The viability of liver flukes were observed within 24-72 hours of incubation period by observing their motility (motile flukes were designated live and non-motile once were death). The results showed that after 72 hours incubation, the motilities of the Newly Excysted Juvenile (NEJ) of F. gigantica incubated with the presence of post-infected sera and macrophages cells solution were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of normal sheep sera. On the contrary, the post-infected sera and macrophages cells solution did not reduce the motilities of the NEJ of F. hepatica, and the death of these flukes were not significantly reduced (P >0.05). It seems that the occurrence of homologous antibody to the antigens is very important in the development of killing mechanism. The absence of homologous antibody did not reduce the number of flukes or the ability of macrophages cells in killing F. hepatica was not apparent. Â Key words : In vitro studies, ITT sheep, macrophages cells, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica

Development of myiasis vaccine: In vitro detection of immunoprotective responses of peritrophic membrane protein, first instar larva Ll supernatant and pellet antigen of fly Chrysomyia bezziana in sheep ., Sukarsih; Partoutomo, S; Satria, E; Eisemann, C.H; Willadsen, P
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 3 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Myiasis control by means of individual treatment of animals which are mainly rised extensively is time consumed and expensive. The alternative way to control this disease by vaccination is considered effective and economically accepted. However the expected vaccine is now still being developed under a collaborative project between CSIRO, Inter-University Centre on Biotechnology-ITB and Research Institute for Veterinary Science and funded by ACIAR. There are several antigens have been identified as vaccine candidates and an in vitro bioassay technique has been developed for assessing the immunoresponses of vaccine in sheep. Three antigens were used for vaccines in this study, these included protein peritrophic membrane (PM), soluble extract (SE) and pellet extract (PE) of 1st instar larvae of Chrysomya bezziana. Twenty four experimental sheep were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals, 3 groups of animals were injected with PM, SE and PE vaccines with the dose rate of 0.5 g PM/head, 0.8 g PE/head and 4.2 ml LE/head respectively, and the other one group was injected with 4 ml PBS/head as a control group. Vaccination with the same dose was repeated 4 weeks after the 1st vaccination as a booster, and 2 weeks after the booster the sheep were challenged with live larvae, 3 days after challenge animals were killed. Sera were collected at the day of vaccination, 4 weeks after vaccination, 2 weeks after booster, and 3 days after challenge. An in vitro bioassay technique was conducted by culturing 1st instar larvae on five media containing sera collected from each experimental animal. The effects of sera on cultivated larvae were assessed by means of larval weight and larval mortality rate. The results indicated that the growth rate and survival of cultivated larvae in media containing anti-PM sera were significantly lower (P<0.01) compared to the larvae cultivated on media with sera on the day of vaccination. The larval weight depression by anti- PM sera collected at 3 days after challenge was 65% of that larvae cultivated on media with sera collected on the day of vaccination. Anti-PM sera depressed the growth rate and survival of larvae significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of anti-PE or anti-LE sera. It is concluded that PM has the best immunoresponses and as the candidate of choice for myiasis vaccine. Â Key words : In vitro bioassay, myiasis, immunoresponses, Chrysomya bezziana

Detection of immunosuppression caused by Trypanosoma evansi infection and malnutrition in experimental buffaloes with skin sensitisation tests Partoutomo, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 5, No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The main impacts of T. evansi infection in cattle and buffaloes include weight losses, deaths, and reduction of productivity, morover immunosuppressive conditions as a result of this parasite infection are commonly found. Dinitrochlorobenzene skin contact sensitisation (DNCB), phytohaemagglutinin skin (PHA) and homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (HPCA) tests have been used for diagnosis of immunosuppression in man. The purposes of these experiments were to detect immunosuppression caused by T. evansi infection and malnutrition in normal and malnutrition buffaloes. Sixteen male and female buffaloes, 12-18 months of ages were divided into 4 groups, Group1 fed with high grade of ration and infected with T. evansi, Group2 fed with high grade of ration not infected, Group3 fed with low grade of ration and infected with T. evansi, and Group4 fed with low grade of ration and not infected. Buffaloes fed with high grade of ration are assumed as normal animals, while buffaloes fed with low grade of ration are assumed as malnutrion animals. These buffaloes were kept in fly proof fences in the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor. The experimental results indicated that normal buffaloes produced significantly (P<0,05) wider and thicker inflammation areas in DNCB and PHA test respectively than malnutrition and T. Evansi infected buffaloes one week after T. evansi infection. The widest skin reaction of 33 + 4.7 mm2 in DCCB and the thickest skin reaction of 45 + 1,0 in PHA test was obtained in 24 hours after DNCB challenge or PHA injection. Thereafter both DNCB and PHA test showed the reduction of the skin reactions, however they were still positive in 48 hours and becoming negative in 72 hours later. PHA test was able to differenciate the intensity of either the combined effects of malnutrition and T. evansi infection, T. evansi infection, or malnutrition alone. HPCA test showed inconsistent results. Â Keys words : Trypanosoma evansi, immunosuppression, DNCB, PHA, HPCA

Development of myiasis vaccine: In vitro detection of immunoprotective responses of peritrophic membrane protein, first instar larva Ll supernatant and pellet antigen of fly Chrysomyia bezziana in sheep Sukarsih .; S Partoutomo; E Satria; C.H Eisemann; P Willadsen
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 4, No 3 (1999): SEPTEMBER 1999
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Myiasis control by means of individual treatment of animals which are mainly rised extensively is time consumed and expensive. The alternative way to control this disease by vaccination is considered effective and economically accepted. However the expected vaccine is now still being developed under a collaborative project between CSIRO, Inter-University Centre on Biotechnology-ITB and Research Institute for Veterinary Science and funded by ACIAR. There are several antigens have been identified as vaccine candidates and an in vitro bioassay technique has been developed for assessing the immunoresponses of vaccine in sheep. Three antigens were used for vaccines in this study, these included protein peritrophic membrane (PM), soluble extract (SE) and pellet extract (PE) of 1st instar larvae of Chrysomya bezziana. Twenty four experimental sheep were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals, 3 groups of animals were injected with PM, SE and PE vaccines with the dose rate of 0.5 g PM/head, 0.8 g PE/head and 4.2 ml LE/head respectively, and the other one group was injected with 4 ml PBS/head as a control group. Vaccination with the same dose was repeated 4 weeks after the 1st vaccination as a booster, and 2 weeks after the booster the sheep were challenged with live larvae, 3 days after challenge animals were killed. Sera were collected at the day of vaccination, 4 weeks after vaccination, 2 weeks after booster, and 3 days after challenge. An in vitro bioassay technique was conducted by culturing 1st instar larvae on five media containing sera collected from each experimental animal. The effects of sera on cultivated larvae were assessed by means of larval weight and larval mortality rate. The results indicated that the growth rate and survival of cultivated larvae in media containing anti-PM sera were significantly lower (P<0.01) compared to the larvae cultivated on media with sera on the day of vaccination. The larval weight depression by anti- PM sera collected at 3 days after challenge was 65% of that larvae cultivated on media with sera collected on the day of vaccination. Anti-PM sera depressed the growth rate and survival of larvae significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of anti-PE or anti-LE sera. It is concluded that PM has the best immunoresponses and as the candidate of choice for myiasis vaccine. Key words : In vitro bioassay, myiasis, immunoresponses, Chrysomya bezziana

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