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Human Fasciolosis: Might it be Occurred in Indonesia? Widjajanti, S
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Fasciolosis is known as a common parasitic disease in ruminants. However, in the last thirty years there were reports of high evidence on human fasciolosis in many countries, such as South America, Africa, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia. Fasciolosis in human is caused by trematodes, such as Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, and there is no report of human Fasciolosis in Indonesia caused by F. gigantica, except human fasciolopsiasis caused by Fasciolopsis buski. The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants in Indonesia is up to 90% and people in some parts of Indonesia like to consume raw vegetables; this habit is assumed to be able to spread fasciolosis in human. Therefore, caution on the occurrence ofthe disease in human, particularly those living in the farming areas ofendemic fasciolosis that have a habit of consuming raw vegetables needs to be enhanced through epidemiological investigation by using an accurate diagnostic technique. Key words: Human fasciolosis, Indonesia, epidemiology study

Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease Martindah, Eny; Widjajanti, S; Estuningsih, S E; ., Suhardono
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 3 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent and control the disease. This phenomenon appears maybe because fasciolosis is a chronic disease without any significant clinical signs and quite difficult to be detected . Thus, it is very important to improve the public awareness on fasciolosis both in ruminants and its possibility in human being . The endemic areas can be defined by epidemiological surveillance using accurate early diagnostic test, so that strategic and sustainable fasciolosis control in the endemic areas could be implemented . This program will be succeeded if there is strong integrated collaboration among the farmers, the extension agents, the researchers and the decision makers in the related departments . Key words : Fasciolosis, zoonosis, public awareness

The susceptibility differences of buffalo and Ongole calves against trickle infection with Fasciola gigantica Wiedosari, Ening; Widjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 1 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A pen trial was carried out in order to determine the susceptibility differences of a trickle infection with Fasciola gigantica in buffalo and Ongole calves. Treated animals were infected orally with 15 metacercariae of F. gigantica twice weekly for 32 weeks and were slaughtered at 36 weeks. The results showed that buffalo calves had significantly lower fluke burdens than Ongole calves (P<0 .01) . All of the infected Ongole calves had fasciola eggs in their faeces 18 weeks after the commencement of infection. In contrast, eggs were detected only in 3 out of 7 infected buffalo calves at week 20, in 4 at week 28 and in 6 at week 30. Faeces of the seventh buffalo remained free of eggs until week 36. Rates of growth were reduced by 25%and 10,3% in infected Ongole and buffalo calves respectively . Circulating blood eosinophilia ofboth hosts, ahallmark of helminth infections, increased following infection, but values in buffaloes was greater than Ongole calves mainly in week 4 and 8 after infection (P<0.01). These results might be concluded that the susceptibility of buffalo calves to trickle infection with F. gigantica was lower compared to Ongole calves. Â Keywords : Fasciola gigantica; susceptibility, buffalo calves, Ongole calves

Antibody fluctuations of infected cattle with Fasciola gigantica and the effect of triclabendazole treatment Widjajanti, S; Estuningsih, S.E; ., Suharyanta
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 4 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Observation on the antibody fluctuations of infected cattle with metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica and the effect of triclabendazole treatment were made by means of ELISA technique. Seven cattle were infected with 700 metacercariae and one cattle remained uninfected, as negative control animal. Treatment with triclabendazole was given to 6 cattle, when the mean antibody levels of infected cattle reached the peak, and the other one remained untreated, as positive control animal. One week after treatment the mean antibody levels started to drop and then decreased gradually. After eight weeks of treatment, the mean antibody levels of the treated cattle reached the lowest level or the same value as before infection, thereafter, 6 cattle were reinfected with different dosages of metacercariae of F. gigantica. Two cattle were infected with 400 metacercariae, the other two were infected with 600 metacercariae and the rest of them were infected with 800 metacercariae. The results showed that the immunological responses of re-infected cattle are quicker (5 weeks after infection) and the peak of the antibody levels are higher (ELISA OD = 1.7) than after the first infection (11 weeks after infection and ELISA OD = 1.2). However, after re-infection, there were no significant different on the antibody fluctuations and antibody levels among the infected group, although those cattle received different dosages. Â Key words: Antibody, cattle, Fasciola gigantica, ELI

The responses of eosinophil and packed cell volume (PCV) on sheep infected with Fasciola gigantica Widjajanti, S; Estuningsih, S Endah; Partoutomo, Subandriyo; Raadsma, H.W; Spithill, T.W; Piedrafita, D
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 7, No 3 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The responses of eosinophil and packed cell volume (PCV) values were verified in infected sheep, in order to identify whether these parameters could be used to predict the flukes burden and their correlation with breed resistance. Fifteen Indonesian thin tail sheep (ET), 9 Merino sheep and 148 backcross sheep generated from mating of Merino sheep and F1 sheep (Merino X ET cross) were infected with 300 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The blood samples were collected every 2 weeks by using EDTA venoject tubes in order to determine the amount of eosinophils and the PCV value. After 14 weeks of infection all of sheep were killed and the liver was collected in order to determine the number of flukes. The results showed that the amount of eosinophils increased 2 weeks after infection and reached the peak at week 4 after infection. The average of eosinophils in ET appeared higher than the other 2 breeds (Merino was the lowest and the backcross was in between). The correlation between the number of flukes recovered from the liver and the eosinophil counts were positive in ET and Merino, but negative in the backcross sheep. The PCV values remained constant along the trial, except at week 14 after infection; the PCV values were slightly decreased in backcross sheep and Merino sheep, but not in ET sheep. The correlation between number of flukes in the liver and the PCV values were negative in all breeds of sheep. These results suggested that the eosinophilic and PCVâs response of ET were higher compared to backcross and Merino sheep, thus that responses were thought to be associated with the resistant phenomenon. Â Key words: Fasciolosis, eosinophil, PCV, sheep

The effect of the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica infestation on the leucocyte eosinophil cell profile on sheep Widjajanti, S; Estuningsih, S.E; ., Subandriyo; Piedrafita, D; Raadsma, H.W
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Eosinophil is one of the major leucocyte cell in the blood which specifically reacted on parasite infection, thus it is important to determine its profile against the F. gigantica infection. The aims of this study is to determine the differences of the eosinophil count profiles on the different breed of sheep infected with F. gigantica and its relation with the resistance of sheep bred against parasitic disease. Four groups of sheep consist of Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep, Merino sheep, backcross sheep (10 families) and F2 sheep were infected with 300 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The total sheep used in this trial is 621. Those sheep were observed for 12 weeks and the blood samples were collected every 2 weeks after infection. The results showed that total eosinophil counts in all infected sheep increased after two weeks post infection and ITT sheep showed the highest counts. On the other hand, the mean fluke counts on ITT sheep is the lowest compared with the other groups of sheep. Merino and F2 sheep had the highest mean fluke counts. Three families of backcross sheep had the mean flukes count similar to ITT sheep and the other 7 families were similar to the Merino sheep. In conclusion, the highest total eosinophil count at the early stage of infection on ITT sheep might be related with the genetic resistance, which was showed by the lowest flukes count, and the resistance was inherited to some of the backcross sheep, which had similar flukes count with ITT sheep. Â Key words: Fasciola gigantica, eosinophil, sheep

The estimation of Lymnaea rubiginosa and other freshwater snails populations in the rice fields and pond in Bogor, West Java Widjajanti, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 2 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The effect of feeding supplement and anthelmintic treatments on the establishment of parasites and the performances of lambs was studied in 24 St . Croix x Local Sumatra Crosses infected with Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) . The study consisted of a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement involving two levels of supplement (1 .6% and 0.5% body weight ) and two levels of larval infection (0 and 3,000 L3 initial dose followed by a 1,000 L3-weekly dose) .The supplement x infection interaction was significant (P< 0.0001) on the egg counts and total serum proteins, but not on the PCV values (P>0.10) . The interaction was resulted from the shift in the magnitude of difference between supplement or between infection level and not by the shift in the rank between treatments . The 1 .6% body weight (BW) group had lower (P<0.0001) mean egg count than the 0.5% BW group (1,588 vs. 7,880) . Consistently, the blood PCV value and total serum proteins of lambs receiving 1 .6% BW supplement were higher (P<0.0001) than the 0.5% BW supplement group (28 .3 vs . 23 .8 and 5 .2 vs . 4.6, respectively) . Infection resulted in decreased feed and nitrogen (N) intake, but had no effect on fecal-N (P>0.0001). N-excretion (fecal-N + Urine-N) was not altered (P>0.10) by Haemonchus infection, but N-retention decreased in infected lambs due to a reduction in N intake . The effect of supplement and Haemonchus infection was significant (P<0.0001) on daily gain . Lambs on the 1 .6% BW supplement group grew faster than on the 0.5% BW supplement group whether they were infected or not . Infected lamb receiving 0.5% BW supplement lost weight during the experiment . It is concluded that an approach that combines the use of anthelmintics and supplement could ameliorate the influence of gastro-intestinal parasites on the performances of lambs, and reduces the intensity of using anthelmintics in controlling the parasites . Â Key words : Supplement, anthelmintics, Haemonchus contortus, lambs

Comparison between antibody-elisa test and fecal egg count for detecting Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle Estuningsih, S Endah; Widjajanti, S; Adiwinata, Gatot
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The comparison between antibody-ELISA test and fecal egg count for detection of natural infection of Fasciola gigantica in cattle was observed. One hundred and fifty samples of blood, feces and livers were collected from cattle slaughtered in the abattoir in Jakarta. Serum was collected from the blood samples and the level of antibody was determined by using antibody- ELISA test. The fecal samples were processed by using sedimentation technique in order to detect the present of F. Gigantica eggs. The livers were processed for liver flukes count. The result showed that from the liver examination, 38.7% cattle were negative flukes, 16% had 1-10 flukes, 34% cattle had 11-100 flukes and 11.3% cattle had more than 100 flukes. About 44.7% infected cattle had less than 100 eggs of F. gigantica per gram feces, however no eggs of F. gigantica were found in 13% infected cattle. The result of antibody-ELISA test showed that from 92 cattle infected with F. gigantica, 84 cattle had OD > 0.38 (range from 0.38-1.77) and 8 cattle had OD < 0.38 (range from 0.18-0.37). In contrast, from 58 cattle without flukes, 7 cattle had OD > 0.38 (range from 0.38-1.95) and 51 cattle with the OD < 0.38 (range from 0.1-0.33). The sensitivity of the fecal examination technique was 87% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity for antibody-ELISA test were 91 and 88% respectively. Â Key words: Antibody-ELISA, Fasciola gigantica, feces, liver

Studies on the survival and development of field-caught snail Lymnaea rubiginosa in the laboratory Widjajanti, S
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Lymnaea rubiginosa was collected from two habitats in order to observe their survival and growth rate including their egg production, hatching time and the time they needed to reach maturity. One of the habitat is rice fields in Bogor (subdistricts of Ciomas and Ciampea) and the other is a pond in Bogor Botanical Garden. In the laboratory those snails were kept in separate aquarium and grouped according to their shell length. The result showed that the longer the snail length the shorter their survival rate and less egg production. Moreover, the snails collected from rice fields were infected with Echinostoma sp. And Chaetogaster sp., while the snails from the pond were only infected with Chaetogaster sp. The hatching time is between 10-14 days, and to reach maturity, with shell length about 1 cm, they need about 6 weeks. Â Key words : Lymnaea rubiginosa, survival, growth rate, fasciolosis

Extension program on the control of bovine fasciolosis in West Java, Indonesia Martindah, Eny; Kusumaningsih, A; Widjajanti, S; Partoutomo, S; Frank, B; ., Suhardono
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An extension program to control fasciolosis in cattle and buffalo was undertaken in collaboration with officers of the District of Livestock Services (DLS) and farmer organizations in the Surade district of West Java. Control strategies were based on results of extensive epidemiological studies on fasciolosis in this area over the past 4 years. Recommendations included: (1) preventing animals grazing harvested rice fields adjacent to a village or cattle pen; (2) feeding stock only the top two-thirds of freshly cut rice stalks; (3) mixing cattle or buffalo faeces with manure of ducks or chicken naturally infected with Echinostoma revolutum, before using them as fertilizer in rice fields; and (4) a single treatment with triclabendazole in July, about 6 weeks after harvest of the last seasonal rice crop. Farmers were surveyed in January 1996 to determine their level of knowledge about fasciolosis. The extension program commenced in February, soon after planting the second seasonal rice crop in four villages. At first, leaflets were distributed to farmers, and posters were displayed in each village to provide basic information. Following discussions with village leaders, groups of farmers met in each village to discuss the advantages they saw in each strategy, ways they could implement them, and to identify socio-economic constraints that needed to be overcome. Taped interviews were prepared for a local radio station and the farmer groups. In August, final survey was conducted to determine the change in knowledge and attitudes that had occurred as a result of the extension program. Bennettâs hierarchy was used at each stage to evaluate the effects of inputs and activities. Farmers adopted the techniques of cutting and feeding rice-stems 2/3 above water-level, and isolating cattle from rice-fields during harvest time, as these appeared to be beneficial in social and economic terms; but they rejected the two other practices where they perceived that socio-economic costs exceededbenefits. Â Key words : Fasciolosis control, extension program, cattle, buffalo

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