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All Journal Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Rachmadi Purwana
Staf Pengajar Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia
Health Professions Public Health

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Dampak Cadmium dalam Ikan terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat Purnomo, Agus; Purwana, Rachmadi
Kesmas Vol. 3, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Kandungan Chemicals Oxygen Demand (COD) dan logam Cadmium pada air laut di Indonesia, dalam kisaran 123-398 ppm dan 0,024-0,044 ppm berada di luar batas yang diizinkan (COD = 40 ppm dan Cd = 0,01 ppm). Masyarakat Teluk Lampung setiap hari terpajan dengan ikan Kurisi (Nomipterus hexodon), ikan Kembung (Rastrelliger neglectus), dan ikan Tongkol (Auxis thazard) dengan kadar rata-rata kandungan cadmium 0,146; 0,144; dan 0,137 mg/kg. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisis risiko dampak pencemaran cadmium pada ikan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat Pulau Pasaran yang berada tepat di hadapan Kota Bandar Lampung di Teluk Lampung. Disain studi yang digunakan adalah disain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 284 orang. Hasil penelitian menemukan besar risiko gangguan kesehatan bagi masyarakat pulau Pasaran di Kota Karang-Bandar Lampung yang mengkonsumsi ikan tiga kali sehari adalah 0,574. Disamping itu, secara statistik terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara besar risiko itu dengan faktor-faktor konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan, laju asupan ikan, durasi pajanan, dan berat badan responden. Faktor yang berhubungan paling erat adalah konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan dan durasi pajanan. Masyarakat pulau Pasaran kota Karang-Bandar Lampung telah berisiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan akibat keracunan cadmium kronis yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sistem urinaria, respiasi, sirkulasi darah, jantung, kelenjar reproduksi, sistem penciuman dan kerapuhan tulang. This is a risk analysis research of the health impact of cadmium contamination in fish among the community in Pasaran Island. The Pasaran Island lies right across the Bandar Lampung City in the Lampung Bay. On average, the community in the island consumed fish 3 times a day. Study in 2004 reported three types of fishes that were regularly consumed and caught by the community around the Lampung Bay were contaminated by cadmium. Those contaminated fishes were the Kurisi fish (Nomipterus hexodon), Kembung fish (Rastrelliger neglectus), and Tongkol fish(Auxis thazard). In their daily life the community in the Pasaran Island were posed to the risk of exposure to cadmium from the fish (risk agent). This cross-sectional study on 284 samples of the population verifies that the health risk for the community at the Pasaran Island in the Karang-Bandar Lampung City is 0.574. Besides, statistical analysis showed that the risk is significantly related to factors such as concentration of cadmium in fish, rate of fish consumption, duration of exposure, and respondents body weight.
Parental Smoking as Health-Risk Factors of Indoor Air Pollution Purwana, Rachmadi
Kesmas Vol. 2, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Pengaruh dari kebisaan merokok terhadap gejala gangguan pernapasan telah banyak diteliti. Tulisan ini merupakan bagian dari disertasi doktoral berdasarkan studi potong lintang mengenai kesehatan lingkungan di perumahan kumuh di Jakarta, ibukota Indonesia yang dikenal tinggi polusi udaranya. Studi ini menemukan bahwa di samping faktor-faktor lain, merokok adalah faktor risiko kesehatan untuk gangguan pernapasan pada 263 balita di wilayah penelitian. Anak-anak yang direkrut tidak menunjukkan gejala gangguan pernapasan pada awal observasi dan diikuti selama dua minggu untuk mendeteksi kemunculan gangguan pernapasan. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kondisi fisik perumahan dan aktifitas rumah tangga juga dicatat. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pengendalian konfounder. Cut-off yang dianggap paling spesifik dan sensitif dalam kaitannya dengan kemunculan gejala pernapasan pada anak konsentrasi PM10 dalam ruang sebesar 70 mg/m3. Studi ini menemukan bahwa konsumsi sigaret secara signifikan berhubungan dengan konsentrasi PM10 dalam ruang. Setiap batang rokok yang dihisap oleh ayah berhubungan dengan peningkatan PM10 dalam ruang sebesar 2.6 mg/m3 to 3.9 mg/m3. Namun studi ini tidak menemukan hubungan antara kondisi fisik rumah dengan PM10 dalam ruang. Kesimpulan akhir dari studi ini adalah bahwa di perumahan yang padat, kebiasaan merokok orang tua adalah faktor kritik kualitas udara dalam ruang , dan dengan demikian menjadi fakto risiko kesehatan bagi penghuninya. Statistically significant respiratory symptoms effects of smoking had been reported in many studies. The present paper was a partial report of a public health doctoral dissertation base on a cross-sectional environmental health study done in homes of a slum area in Jakarta, capital of Indonesia where ambient air pollution was significantly high. The paper described that among other factors, smoking was the health risk factor related to the development of respiratory symptoms among 263 children under-five in the research area. The children recruited were without any respiratory symptoms at the beginning of the observation, and then were followed for 2 weeks to detect the occurrence of any respiratory symptoms. Factors relating to physical conditions of homes and household activities were also recorded. Analysis of data was done including the control of confounding factors. A cut-off of 70 mg/m3 indoor PM10 concentration as the surrogate for quantitative measure of smoking was seen as the most specific and sensitive level in relation to the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among the children. The study signified that the consumption of cigarettes was significantly related to the increase of indoor PM10 concentration. Every single cigarette consumed by the father was related to of indoor PM10 increase in the range from 2.6 mg/m3 to 3.9 mg/m3. However, the study was not able to prove any influence on the variation of the indoor PM10 concentrations by the physical factor of the homes studied. The end conclusion of the study showed that in homes of an overcrowded area, parental smoking was the critical factor for the quality of indoor air, hence the health risk to the respiration system of the occupants.
Co-Authors Agus Purnomo