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IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC PETROLOGY TO TYPE AND RANK OF MIOCENE ASEM-ASEM COAL-SOUTH KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 3 October 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

The Asem-Asem Basin has cratonic and back-arc settings containing coal deposits that were formed in Tertiary sequences. The coals were deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments. Megascopically, the coals are dominated by bright-banded and banded lithotypes. Microscopically, vitrinite and liptinite are the dominant macerals in the Miocene coals. Inertinite is a minor component and mineral content is also low in most of the coals. There is significant relationship between megas- copic and microscopic observations; the brighter coal is in association with the vitrinite-rich coal, otherwise, the duller coal is in association with the inertinite-rich coal with relatively high mineral content. The differences in the coal type are due to the interaction of tectonic, geologic, palaeoclimate and plant evolutionary factors. The ranks of the Miocene coals ranging from brown coal to high volatile bituminous indicate a normal regional coalification. Most of the coals are suitable for feedstocks in combustion that is the most important present day use for coals.

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF COAL DEPOSITS FROM CIGUDEG AND BOJONGMANIK AREAS WITH REGARD TO THEIR UTILISATION BINARKO SANTOSO; NINING S. NINGRUM
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 2 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 2 June 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Geological setting of the Cigudeg and Bojongmanik areas gives rise to the coal characteristics, par- ticularly due to the depositional environment and stratigraphic aspect. Those characteristics include lithotype, type and rank of the coals. The coals formed under wet-swamp condition to result in brighter lithotype and vitrinite-rich coal. By contrast, the coals formed under dry-swamp condition to result in duller lithotype and inertinite-rich coal. The Cigudeg coals contain clay minerals and quartz, whilst the Bojongmanik coals contain pyrite and calcite. These minerals are beneficial to interpret depositional environment of the coals. Ranks of the Bojongmanik coals are somewhat higher (lignite-subbitumi- nous C-B) that those of the Cigudeg coals (lignite-subbituminous B) according to the ASTM classifi- cation. These higher ranks are due to the thicker overburden on the Bojongmanik coals in terms of stratigraphic aspect. Regarding those petrographic characteristics, both coals are suitable for fuel of direct combustion for the small-scale and home industries that are available in the surrounding areas. Therefore, the coals can economically cope with the demand of those industries.

PETROGRAPHIC STUDY ON GENESIS OF SELECTED INERTINITE-RICH COALS FROM JAMBI SUBBASIN NINING S. NINGRUM; BINARKO SANTOSO
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 3 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 3 October 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Genesis of the coal macerals in the studied area depends particularly on the tectonic and geologic setting. The coals formed in the Jambi Subbasin, which is the back-arc basin associated with the fluvial to deltaic environment results in both rich in vitrinite and inertinite contents. The vitrinite content is associated with the bright lithotype deposited in the wet-swampy area; whereas the inertinite is associated with the dull lithotype deposited in the dry-swampy area. The presence of mineral matter causes the dull lithotype as well. The presence of the liptinite maceral cannot be correlated with the lithotypes. This maceral composition is the extreme phenomenon, because most of the Sumateran coals contain very low inertinite content (<5%) with very high vitrinite content (>80%). The coals contain low ash and low (0.1-0.4%) to medium sulphur (1.3- 1.6%) contents. The above evidence is the answer of the extreme evidence, and this is the objective of presenting this paper. Methods applied in this study include in-situ coal sampling for microscopic analyses, which are petrographic determination and reflectance examination. The samples were also analysed for their proximate according to ASTM (2002).

COMPARATIVE PETROGRAPHY OF OMBILIN AND BAYAH COALS RELATED TO THEIR ORIGIN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 10, No 3 (2007): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 10 No. 3 October 2007
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Two coalfields have been contrasted and compared on the basis of qualitative and quantitative stud- ies of macerals and minerals. Petrological comparison of the coals indicates that vitrinite and liptinite contents within Ombilin coal are higher than those of the Bayah coal. The inertinite content of both coals is somewhat similar. Mineral matter of Bayah coal is higher than that of Ombilin coal. The vitrinite reflectance and rank of the Ombilin coal is higher and thus, its coal rank (sub-bituminous to anthracite) is better than that of the Bayah coal (sub-bituminous to medium volatile bituminous). A clear distinction between the Ombilin and Bayah coals is not possible with petrographic methods alone, and other geological parameters have to be considered. The maceral compositions of the Ombilin and Bayah coals are slightly different from each other due to intrusion effect. In the thermally affected coals from both areas, liptinite generally cannot be distinguished from vitrinite and therefore it appears to contain high proportion of vitrinite (>90 %). However, thermally unaffected coals from both coalfields contain <90 % of vitrinite. Liptinite maceral is common in coals unaffected by contact alteration with some samples containing up to 10 %. In contrast, thermally affected coals have trace amounts of liptinite. Both thermally affected and affected coals contain rare inertinite with some samples containing up to 7 %. In some cases, coals with high inertinite content have a relatively high amount of mineral matter. The Ombilin and Bayah coals show variable vitrinite reflectances, due to igneous intrusion factor. Coal of lower rank has been metamorphosed to bituminous or anthracitic ranks. The extent of rank increase depends primarily on distance from the intruding igneous rock, but it may also be related to size and temperature of the intrusion. As the vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax) values of the Ombilin coal (0.62-4.69 %) are higher compared to the Bayah coal (0.53-1.23 %), this suggests that the heat source to the thermally affected coals is closer in the Ombilin coal than that of in the Bayah coal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED SUMATERAN TERTIARY COALS REGARDING THEIR PETRO- GRAPHIC ANALYSES BUKIN DAULAY; BINARKO SANTOSO
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 1 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 1 February 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Type and rank variation of selected Sumateran (Ombilin and Bukit Asam) Tertiary coals were as- sessed by petrographic examination of 170 samples. The coals are dominated by vitrinite, common liptinite and rare inertinite and mineral matter. Vitrinite macerals are dominated by detrovitrinite and telovitrinite. Resinite, cutinite and suberinite are the dominant liptinite macerals in the coals. Inertinite macerals in the coals consist of semifusinite, sclerotinite and inertodetrinite. The higher vitrinite re- flectance of some coals is a result of the local and variable effects of igneous intrusions in both areas. Similarities in the type and rank characteristics in the coals reflect their geological setting, climatic influence and peat conditions.

GEOLOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ASPECTS FOR COAL EXPLORATION IN SANGATTA-EAST KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

The Miocene Sangatta coals indicate similarities and differences in type and rank characteristics. The phenomena express the geological setting that includes the stratigraphic aspect and the pres- ence of intrusive body. The stratigraphic aspect relates to geologic age and cover thickness; the lower coal seam having a thicker cover has a higher rank than the upper coal seam. The intrusive body changes the rank of the coal up to semi-anthracite. The coals that are not affected by the intrusion have rank of brown coal to subbituminous. The rank of the coals increases from east to west toward the Meratus Range due to the cover thickness, where the western part has a thicker cover than the eastern part. These geological phenomena could be an exploratory target for the prospective coals.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED MANGKALIHAT COALS ACCORDING TO PETROGRAPHIC AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES BINARKO SANTOSO; NINING S. NINGRUM
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 13, No 3 (2010): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 13 No. 3 October 2010
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

A carbonate complex in the Mangkalihat area, East Kalimantan, has been selected for this study, because this area has some coal deposits associated with dominant limestone intercalated by thin claystone and sandstone. Commonly, most Indonesian coals were formed in fluvial and deltaic depositional environment. Accordingly, this study is interesting due to the depositional environment of the coals in association with a marine condition. This environment mostly results in relatively high mineral matter and sulphur contents, particularly pyrite in this study; brighter lithotype and dominant vitrinite content over liptinite and inertinite. The geologic factors have clearly proven a good correlation among the results of megascopic, microscopic and proximate analyses. The coals with brighter lithotype, high vitrinite and moisture contents were formed under a wetter marsh environment. On the other hand, the duller lithotypes with the presence of inertinite and mineral matter were deposited in a dryer marsh environment. The presence of high pyrite and sulphur contents strongly indicates a marine incursion during the coal forming in this area.

GEOLOGIC FACTORS CONTROLLING MINERAL CONTENT IN SELECTED TERTIARY COALS - SOUTHERN KALIMANTAN Binarko Santoso
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Geologic aspects, particularly geologic history and depositional environment, have a main role in the distri- bution of mineral matter in association with maceral composition in coal. The Asem-Asem coals include Miocene and Eocene coals, which are associated with clay minerals, quartz, pyrite and carbonate. The average mean mineral content of the Miocene coals (3.9%) is lower than that of the Eocene coals (6.7%). This indicates that the lower content reflects the balance of the subsidence rate and the peat accumulation rate during the Miocene was absolutely different from those during the Eocene. Consequently, this influ- enced the mineral input to the respective peats. The lower mineral content of the Miocene coals is associated with the bright lithotypes or the vitrinite-rich coals. Otherwise, the higher one of the Eocene coals is associ- ated with dull lithotypes or the vitrinite-poor coals. Methods applied in this study include optical microscopy (reflected-white light and fluorescence mode), X- ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Clay minerals dominated by kaolinite were deposited in a fresh water environment during peat formation. Most of the minerals are syngenetic in origin. However, some of them are considered to be epigenetic (these clays are in fissures). Quartz is mostly syngenetic, although epigenetic quartz is present. Pyrite takes place as grains and a replacement mineral in organic matter. Calcite is mostly epigenetic occurring in fractures and fissures.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED MANGKALIHAT COALS ACCORDING TO PETROGRAPHIC AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES BINARKO SANTOSO; NINING S. NINGRUM
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 13 No 3 (2010): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 13 No. 3 October 2010
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol13.No3.2010.519

A carbonate complex in the Mangkalihat area, East Kalimantan, has been selected for this study, because this area has some coal deposits associated with dominant limestone intercalated by thin claystone and sandstone. Commonly, most Indonesian coals were formed in fluvial and deltaic depositional environment. Accordingly, this study is interesting due to the depositional environment of the coals in association with a marine condition. This environment mostly results in relatively high mineral matter and sulphur contents, particularly pyrite in this study; brighter lithotype and dominant vitrinite content over liptinite and inertinite. The geologic factors have clearly proven a good correlation among the results of megascopic, microscopic and proximate analyses. The coals with brighter lithotype, high vitrinite and moisture contents were formed under a wetter marsh environment. On the other hand, the duller lithotypes with the presence of inertinite and mineral matter were deposited in a dryer marsh environment. The presence of high pyrite and sulphur contents strongly indicates a marine incursion during the coal forming in this area.

PETROGRAPHIC STUDY ON GENESIS OF SELECTED INERTINITE-RICH COALS FROM JAMBI SUBBASIN NINING S. NINGRUM; BINARKO SANTOSO
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 3 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 3 October 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No3.2009.553

Genesis of the coal macerals in the studied area depends particularly on the tectonic and geologic setting. The coals formed in the Jambi Subbasin, which is the back-arc basin associated with the fluvial to deltaic environment results in both rich in vitrinite and inertinite contents. The vitrinite content is associated with the bright lithotype deposited in the wet-swampy area; whereas the inertinite is associated with the dull lithotype deposited in the dry-swampy area. The presence of mineral matter causes the dull lithotype as well. The presence of the liptinite maceral cannot be correlated with the lithotypes. This maceral composition is the extreme phenomenon, because most of the Sumateran coals contain very low inertinite content (<5%) with very high vitrinite content (>80%). The coals contain low ash and low (0.1-0.4%) to medium sulphur (1.3- 1.6%) contents. The above evidence is the answer of the extreme evidence, and this is the objective of presenting this paper. Methods applied in this study include in-situ coal sampling for microscopic analyses, which are petrographic determination and reflectance examination. The samples were also analysed for their proximate according to ASTM (2002).

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