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IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC PETROLOGY TO TYPE AND RANK OF MIOCENE ASEM-ASEM COAL-SOUTH KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 3 October 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

The Asem-Asem Basin has cratonic and back-arc settings containing coal deposits that were formed in Tertiary sequences. The coals were deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments. Megascopically, the coals are dominated by bright-banded and banded lithotypes. Microscopically, vitrinite and liptinite are the dominant macerals in the Miocene coals. Inertinite is a minor component and mineral content is also low in most of the coals. There is significant relationship between megas- copic and microscopic observations; the brighter coal is in association with the vitrinite-rich coal, otherwise, the duller coal is in association with the inertinite-rich coal with relatively high mineral content. The differences in the coal type are due to the interaction of tectonic, geologic, palaeoclimate and plant evolutionary factors. The ranks of the Miocene coals ranging from brown coal to high volatile bituminous indicate a normal regional coalification. Most of the coals are suitable for feedstocks in combustion that is the most important present day use for coals.

COMPARATIVE PETROGRAPHY OF OMBILIN AND BAYAH COALS RELATED TO THEIR ORIGIN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 10, No 3 (2007): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 10 No. 3 October 2007
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Two coalfields have been contrasted and compared on the basis of qualitative and quantitative stud- ies of macerals and minerals. Petrological comparison of the coals indicates that vitrinite and liptinite contents within Ombilin coal are higher than those of the Bayah coal. The inertinite content of both coals is somewhat similar. Mineral matter of Bayah coal is higher than that of Ombilin coal. The vitrinite reflectance and rank of the Ombilin coal is higher and thus, its coal rank (sub-bituminous to anthracite) is better than that of the Bayah coal (sub-bituminous to medium volatile bituminous). A clear distinction between the Ombilin and Bayah coals is not possible with petrographic methods alone, and other geological parameters have to be considered. The maceral compositions of the Ombilin and Bayah coals are slightly different from each other due to intrusion effect. In the thermally affected coals from both areas, liptinite generally cannot be distinguished from vitrinite and therefore it appears to contain high proportion of vitrinite (>90 %). However, thermally unaffected coals from both coalfields contain <90 % of vitrinite. Liptinite maceral is common in coals unaffected by contact alteration with some samples containing up to 10 %. In contrast, thermally affected coals have trace amounts of liptinite. Both thermally affected and affected coals contain rare inertinite with some samples containing up to 7 %. In some cases, coals with high inertinite content have a relatively high amount of mineral matter. The Ombilin and Bayah coals show variable vitrinite reflectances, due to igneous intrusion factor. Coal of lower rank has been metamorphosed to bituminous or anthracitic ranks. The extent of rank increase depends primarily on distance from the intruding igneous rock, but it may also be related to size and temperature of the intrusion. As the vitrinite reflectance (Rvmax) values of the Ombilin coal (0.62-4.69 %) are higher compared to the Bayah coal (0.53-1.23 %), this suggests that the heat source to the thermally affected coals is closer in the Ombilin coal than that of in the Bayah coal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED SUMATERAN TERTIARY COALS REGARDING THEIR PETRO- GRAPHIC ANALYSES BUKIN DAULAY; BINARKO SANTOSO
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 1 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 1 February 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Type and rank variation of selected Sumateran (Ombilin and Bukit Asam) Tertiary coals were as- sessed by petrographic examination of 170 samples. The coals are dominated by vitrinite, common liptinite and rare inertinite and mineral matter. Vitrinite macerals are dominated by detrovitrinite and telovitrinite. Resinite, cutinite and suberinite are the dominant liptinite macerals in the coals. Inertinite macerals in the coals consist of semifusinite, sclerotinite and inertodetrinite. The higher vitrinite re- flectance of some coals is a result of the local and variable effects of igneous intrusions in both areas. Similarities in the type and rank characteristics in the coals reflect their geological setting, climatic influence and peat conditions.

ANALYSIS OF UBC UTILIZATION IN THE EXISTING COAL POWER STATION CASE STUDY : SURALAYA POWER STATION Gandhi Kurnia Hudaya; BUKIN DAULAY; Iwan Rijwan
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 3 October 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Coal resources in Indonesia mostly (65 %) are categorized as LRC (Low Rank Coal). Currently, the Indonesian Government is encouraging to use LRC as the main source of energy in the national energy mixed policy, including the acceleration program of constructing 10,000 MW Power Plant. With the advanced technologies, such as Upgraded Brown Coal (UBC) process, LRC can be used optimally, particularly for the power plant. Suralaya Generation Business Unit (SGBU), which is the largest coal power plant in Indonesia, recently has to use lignite coal or low rank coal because the price of medium and high rank coal is too expensive. This paper conducted to identify the problems faced by SGBU in using lignite coal and to evaluate the benefit of UBC process if used in SGBU to be blended with lignite. From the evaluation, it can be concluded that UBC process will give benefit to SGBU by reducing ash pollution and give economic benefit of Rp 507 billion per year maximum.

GEOLOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ASPECTS FOR COAL EXPLORATION IN SANGATTA-EAST KALIMANTAN BINARKO SANTOSO; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

The Miocene Sangatta coals indicate similarities and differences in type and rank characteristics. The phenomena express the geological setting that includes the stratigraphic aspect and the pres- ence of intrusive body. The stratigraphic aspect relates to geologic age and cover thickness; the lower coal seam having a thicker cover has a higher rank than the upper coal seam. The intrusive body changes the rank of the coal up to semi-anthracite. The coals that are not affected by the intrusion have rank of brown coal to subbituminous. The rank of the coals increases from east to west toward the Meratus Range due to the cover thickness, where the western part has a thicker cover than the eastern part. These geological phenomena could be an exploratory target for the prospective coals.

STUDY ON UPGRADED LOW RANK COALS PROPERTIES Datin Fatia Umar; Bukin Daulay
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Upgraded brown coal (UBC) process has been discussed elsewhere. This process has been developed to produce an upgraded low rank coal with quality similar to a bituminous coal which is acceptable commer- cially and has low moisture content. Three Indonesian low rank coals, Berau, Tabang and Samaranggau coals were upgraded by upgraded brown coal (UBC) process to study the influence of the process on the properties of the upgraded low rank coals by conducting chemical and physical analyses such as proxi- mate, ultimate including calorific value and equilibrium moisture, functional group of C-H and C=O, coal petrography, specific surface area and briquettability. The result of proximate analysis indicated that the inherent moisture of the upgraded low rank coals de- creased significantly compared with that of the raw coals. Hence, the calorific value of the upgraded coals increased. The ash content of the upgraded coals was not change obviously due to that the UBC process was conducted at low temperature. However, the volatile matter content increased slightly due to the kero- sene or residue that left and pluged over coal pores to prevent the reabsorbtion of moisture. From ultimate analyses, carbon content of the upgraded coals increased, whereas the hydrogen and oxygen contents decreased. The UBC process hardly affected the sulfur and nitrogen contents. The result of equilibrium moisture measurement showed that the moisture content of all upgraded coals were less than 9%. The functional groups of C-H and C=O of the upgraded coals were slightly less than those of the raw coals. The aromaticity of the upgraded coals were increased. The petrography of both the raw and the upgraded coals indicated that the mean vitrinite reflectance was slightly higher in the upgraded coal compared to the raw coal. There was no significant quantity and textural differences of maceral in both coals. The specific surface area of the upgraded coals was lower than that of the raw coal due to the plugging of pore structure and shrinkage by residual oil addition. The upgraded low rank coals briquette according to drop shutter and compressive strength tests indicated good characteristics of briquette. Based on these results, UBC process only reduces the moisture content, so that the calorific value of the coal increases. Whereas the other parameters are not significantly change. UBC process does not increase the rank of the coal, therefore, it could only be applied to improve the calorific value of low rank coal which has low ash and sulfur contents.

EFFECT OF DISPERSING AND STABILIZING ADDITIVES ON RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UPGRADED BROWN COAL WATER MIXTURE DATIN F. UMAR; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 1 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 1 February 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

The preparation of upgraded brown coal water mixture (UBCWM) by using an Indonesian upgraded coal that was produced by an upgraded brown coal (UBC) process in pilot scale, was carried out to obtain the effect of dispersing and stabilizing additives on rheological behaviour of the UBCWM. Three kinds of anionic dispersing additives, naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (NSF), polymethacrylate (PMA) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and three kinds of stabilizing additives, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) an organic material a derivative of cellulose, rhansam gum (S-194) and gellan gum (S-60) some kinds of bio poly sacharide the trade mark of Dainippon Pharma- ceutical Co. Ltd. were used in this study. Results indicate that the addition of NSF 0.3 wt% together with S-194 0.01 wt% is effective in preparing UBCWM with good slurry ability and stability, based on its rheological characteristics (apparent viscosity at shear rate of 100 s-1 and yield stress at zero point of shear rate). Since the price of S-194 is expensive, the addition of CMC 0.01 wt% is also effective in preparing stable UBCWM.

THE AVAILABILITY OF INDONESIAN OIL PRODUCT THAT IS USED IN THE UPGRADED BROWN COAL PROCESS Iwan Rijwan; BUKIN DAULAY; Gandhi Kurnia Hudaya
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 11, No 2 (2008): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 11 No. 2 June 2008
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Indonesian coal has a potential to be a major future primary energy source due to its large resource, easy and low cost of exploitation, good quality and supported by appropriate infrastructure. However, more than 65% of the coal resources are categorized as LRC and this type of coal needs to be upgraded before it is used and transported for a long distance. One of the upgrading processes is UBC. Kerosene, LSWR and spray oils are used for UBC process as heating media, material for closing coal pores and oil for briquette machine, respectively. The specification and price of kerosene in Indonesia which is used for both household and industries are controlled by PT PERTAMINA. However in the case of LSWR, PT PERTAMINA does not control the quality and the price. Therefore in the market there are different of qualities and prices of LSWR. All oil refineries belong to PT PERTAMINA produces LSWR and kerosene. They guarantee the con- tinuity of oil supply to customer. They recommend to utilize a heavy aromatic for kerosene substitu- tion and asphalt and decant oil to substitute LSWR. The oil will be transported to the UBC plant from the nearest oil refinery using lorries or tankers transportation agency that is recommended by PT PERTAMINA.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PLANT IN INDONESIA USING BROWN COAL LIQUEFACTION (BCL) TECHNOLOGY MIFTAHUL HUDA; Granit Agustina; NINING S. Ningrum; BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12, No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Puslitbang tekMIRA

Financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction plant has been conducted in the year 2002 and up dated in the year 2007. However, the increase of coal price, currently, has promoted coal companies to export their coal rather than to allocate it as raw material for coal liquefaction. To maintain the stability of coal supply in a liquefaction plant, the use of stranded mining coal as raw material for the plant should be studied. This study was aimed to conduct financial analysis of stranded coal from South Sumatera (Pendopo Coal) and to update the financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction. Discounted cash flow was used as the method for the analysis. The result indicates that with the oil price higher than US$ 70/bbl and coal price below US$ 25/ton, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of Pendopo coal liquefaction plant achieved value higher than 10%. Reducing corporate tax from 30% to 15% in- creased IRR value of approximately 1%. Meanwhile, by enlarging the plant scale from 3,000t/d to 12,000 t/d will increase the IRR value as much as 5%. On the other hand, the IRR of Mulia coal liquefaction plant was less than 9% when the oil price was lower than US$ 70/bbl and coal price was above US$ 55/ton.

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