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Silvopasture and its Impacts to Microclimates, Soil Properties, and Carying Capacity on Semi Arid Grass Land of West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia WIGENA, I GEDE PUTU
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 5, No 01 (2011): Juli 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

In West Nusa Tenggara Province, natural pasture is one of important forage sources for cattle feed. Due to its agroclimate condition, carrying capacity of the native pasture is usually low. Wider variation has been observed between wet and dry seasons, and it has significant effects to cattle population. Based on the issue, a medium term of land management by introducing of silvopasture combined with legume trees, high yielding varieties of grasses, and fast growing leguminous shrubs, has been done during 1995/96-1998/99 period. The aim of the research was to increase carrying capacity of the natural pasture based on the improvement of microclimate condition, soil properties, and carrying capacity. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. Implementation of silvopasture in the form of wind breaker (WB) and non wind breaker (NWB) are as main plot, carrying capacity estimation (grazing and cut systems) as sub plot, while introducing high yielding varieties of grasses and fast growing legume as sub-sub plot. Observation during four years showed that silvopasture could improve microclimate conditions indicated by decreasing of air temperature from 27.9-40.0oC into 22.0-38.9oC, increasing of air humidity from 62.6-93.6% into 77.1-89.1% and decreasing of saturation steam pressure deficit from 3.4-26.3 into 0.5-14.8. Soil organic matter increased almost 200% on the 3rd year and soil nitrogen increased almost 300% on the 4th year of experiment. Silvopasture system (wind breaker treatment) could increase carrying capacity grass land that varied from 1.16 to 1.75 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year, while carrying capacity of non wind breaker varied from 1.10 to 1.37 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year.

SILVOPASTURE AND ITS IMPACTS TO MICROCLIMATES, SOIL PROPERTIES, AND CARYING CAPACITY ON SEMI ARID GRASS LAND OF WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE, INDONESIA WIGENA, I GEDE PUTU
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 5, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v5n01.2011.%p

In West Nusa Tenggara Province, natural pasture is one of important forage sources for cattle feed. Due to its agroclimate condition, carrying capacity of the native pasture is usually low. Wider variation has been observed between wet and dry seasons, and it has significant effects to cattle population. Based on the issue, a medium term of land management by introducing of silvopasture combined with legume trees, high yielding varieties of grasses, and fast growing leguminous shrubs, has been done during 1995/96-1998/99 period. The aim of the research was to increase carrying capacity of the natural pasture based on the improvement of microclimate condition, soil properties, and carrying capacity. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. Implementation of silvopasture in the form of wind breaker (WB) and non wind breaker (NWB) are as main plot, carrying capacity estimation (grazing and cut systems) as sub plot, while introducing high yielding varieties of grasses and fast growing legume as sub-sub plot. Observation during four years showed that silvopasture could improve microclimate conditions indicated by decreasing of air temperature from 27.9-40.0oC into 22.0-38.9oC, increasing of air humidity from 62.6-93.6% into 77.1-89.1% and decreasing of saturation steam pressure deficit from 3.4-26.3 into 0.5-14.8. Soil organic matter increased almost 200% on the 3rd year and soil nitrogen increased almost 300% on the 4th year of experiment. Silvopasture system (wind breaker treatment) could increase carrying capacity grass land that varied from 1.16 to 1.75 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year, while carrying capacity of non wind breaker varied from 1.10 to 1.37 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year.

THE EFFECT OF SILVY PASTURAL SYSTEMS ON CARRYING CAPACITY AND SOIL PROPERTY OF GRASS LAND SUKRISTIYONUBOWO, .; WIGENA, I GEDE PUTU; TUHERKIH, E.; MARYAM, .; SANTOSO, D.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 18 (2000): Desember 2000
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n18.2000.%p

This experiment was the last activity of soil-crop management experiment to improve quantity and quality of fodder of grass land. This experiment has been carried out since 1994/1995 cropping season in Selengen Village, Lombok 8arat District, West Nusa Tenggara. In 1998/1999 the observation was focused on carrying capacity and soil properties. Feeding through grazing and cut and carry was applied to measure the carrying capacity. The experiment used randomized complete block design and the treatments were arranged to split split plot design replicated four times. The main-plot treatments were (1) with wind breaker and (2) without wind breaker. The sub-plot treatments were four combinations of native grass land, introduced grass, and introduced legume: (A) native grass land, (B) native grass land + Paspalum sp.,(C) native grass land + Arachis gambrara, and (D) native grass land + Paspalum sp. + Arachis gambrara. The sub-sub-plot treatments were (a) grazing and (b) cut and carry. Furthermore the combination between treatments with wind breaker (1) and native grass land +Paspalum sp. +Arachis gambrata (D) was called silvy-pasture system, while the combination between treatments without wind breaker (2) and native grass land (A) was named native grass land. The results indicated that the highest fresh fodder production and carrying capacity both for the first and second harvesting were shown by the silvy-pasture system. The yields were 35.01 and 28.47 t/ha for the first and second harvesting, respectively. Meanwhile, the carrying capacity of the first harvesting using grazing and cut and carry were 1.47 and 1.75 cattle/ha/year with increasing life weights were 0.46 and 0.29 kg/day, respectively. For the second harvesting, the carrying capacities were 1.10 and 1.16 cattle/ha/year with increasing life weight about 0.28 kg/day, respectively. Introduction of Paspalum sp. and Arachis gambrata significantly improved carrying capacity of native grass land.

EFFECTS OF LIME TO SULFUR-SULFATE TRANSFORMATION ON OXIC DYSTRUDEPTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PEANUT PRODUCTION WIGENA, I GEDE PUTU; RACHIM, A.; SANTOSO, D.; SALEH, A.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 19 (2001): Desember 2001
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n19.2001.%p

A series of laboratory and field experiments were carried out to study the interaction between lime and sulfur. The laboratory experiment was carried out from June to September 1999 to study sulfur-sulfate transformation using an Oxic Dystrudepts from Jambi Province. The experiment tested 3levels of sulfur (0; 5; and 10 ppm S in soil solution) combined with 2 levels of lime (0 and 1.0 times of exchangeable Al). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. The field experiment was done from October 1999 to June of 2000, tested 4 levels of sulfur (0; 2.5; 5.0; and 7.5 ppm S in soil solution) combined with 4 levels of phosphorus (0; 0.01; 0.02; and 0.03 ppm P in soil solution), and 3 levels of lime (0; 0.5; and 1.0 times of exchangeable aluminum). The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 3 replicates. Lime treatments were used as the main plots and incomplete combinations of sulfur and phosphorus as the sub plots. The incomplete sulfur and phosphorus treatment combination were arrenged based on the Hauser?s simplified concept. Results of the experiments showed that application of sulfur at a rate of 5 ppm S in soil solution increased sulfur transformation almost similar with application of lime at 1.0 time of exchangeable-Al equivalent. At the topsoil layer with low S content, lime application increased sulfur transformation almost 2 folds, namely from 70 to 135 ppm S-SO42-. While at the subsoil layer with higher content of sulfur, the increases of sulfur transformation was almost 1.5 folds, namely from 120 to 160 ppm S-SO42-. The field experiment showed that lime increased peanut seed significantly, from 864 to 1058 kg ha-1. Liming also increased seed quality, which can be seen from the significant increase of amino acids contents of peanut seed, namely methionine, cistine, and cystein. The increases of amino acid contents were 0.56 to 0.75 ppm for methionine, 0.58 to 0.70 for cistine, and 0.39 to 0.54 ppm for cysteine. Sulfur application increased dry pod and seed of peanut. The highest yields of dry pod and seed were 2107 and 1320 kg ha-1, respectively, which were achieved at the lime treatment of 1.0 time exchangeable Al combined with 7.5 ppm S in soil solution. Sulfur application also increased seed quality of peanut, which can be seen from the significant increase of amino acid contents: methionine, cistine, and cysteine. Similar with dry pod and seed yields, the highest increase in amino acid contents of peanut seed was also achieved at the lime treatment at 1.0 time of exchangeable-Al equivalent combined with 7.5 ppm S in soil solution. The increases of amino acid content were 0.60 to 0.88 ppm for methionine, 0.61 to 0.80 ppm for cistine, and 0.48 to 0.62 ppm for cystein.

EFFECT OF COMPACTED COMPOUND SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER TO IMMATURE OIL PALM GROWTH AND YIELD ON XANTHIC HAPLUDOX, IN MERANGIN, JAMBI WIGENA, I GEDE PUTU; PURNOMO, J.; TUHERKIH, E.; SALEH, A.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 24 (2006): Desember 2006
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n24.2006.%p

Oil palm is one of promoted plantation commodity that is developed intensively by the government. This phenomena need to be supported by an appropriate management mainly the fertilization aspects to maintain its productivity at high level. Field experiment has been conducted to test the effect of the compacted compound slow release fertilizer, formulated in stick fertilizer, to immature oil palm growth and fruit bunches production on Xanthic Hapludox from 2003 to 2005. Seven fertilization treatments, namely farmer?s practice (A); recommended fertilization (B); controll (C); 1 fertilizer stick/trunk (D); 2 fertilizer sticks/trunk (E); 3 fertilizer sticks/trunk (F); and 2 fertilizer sticks combined with foliar fertilizer (Fosfo N)(G) have been tested on the experiment. All treatments were arranged in randomize complete block design with three replications. The result showed that the tested fertilizer could improve oil palm growth and increased fruit bunches production significantly. The highest yield was provided by 3 fertilizer stick/trunk (G) with growth scoring 90.30% and 31.43 kg of fruit bunches/trunk. This yield was significantly different with all others tested treatment, except recommended treatment (B) with growth scoring and fruit bunches were 87.30% and 30.57 kg/trunk/month, respectively. Compared to the recommended treatment, the application of the tested fertilizer could decrease the total fertilizers required by the farmers due to the increasing of fertilization efficiency about 50-60%. Based on nutrients dynamic and number of fertilizers required by oil palm, the existing recommended fertilization should be changed in order tomaintain nutrient balance in the soil. The proposed changes of recommended fertilization is by increasing of potassium dosage because oil palm absorp potassium at the highest number from the soil. Besides that, sulfur should be applicated due to the higher absorption by the crop from the soil, whereas the highly weathered soil has lower capacity in supplying sulfur for crop growth so that sulfur is adsorp extensively from the soil and causes imbalance nutrient in the soil.

Silvopasture and its Impacts to Microclimates, Soil Properties, and Carying Capacity on Semi Arid Grass Land of West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia I GEDE PUTU WIGENA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 5, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v5n1.2011.%p

In West Nusa Tenggara Province, natural pasture is one of important forage sources for cattle feed. Due to its agroclimate condition, carrying capacity of the native pasture is usually low. Wider variation has been observed between wet and dry seasons, and it has significant effects to cattle population. Based on the issue, a medium term of land management by introducing of silvopasture combined with legume trees, high yielding varieties of grasses, and fast growing leguminous shrubs, has been done during 1995/96-1998/99 period. The aim of the research was to increase carrying capacity of the natural pasture based on the improvement of microclimate condition, soil properties, and carrying capacity. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. Implementation of silvopasture in the form of wind breaker (WB) and non wind breaker (NWB) are as main plot, carrying capacity estimation (grazing and cut systems) as sub plot, while introducing high yielding varieties of grasses and fast growing legume as sub-sub plot. Observation during four years showed that silvopasture could improve microclimate conditions indicated by decreasing of air temperature from 27.9-40.0oC into 22.0-38.9oC, increasing of air humidity from 62.6-93.6% into 77.1-89.1% and decreasing of saturation steam pressure deficit from 3.4-26.3 into 0.5-14.8. Soil organic matter increased almost 200% on the 3rd year and soil nitrogen increased almost 300% on the 4th year of experiment. Silvopasture system (wind breaker treatment) could increase carrying capacity grass land that varied from 1.16 to 1.75 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year, while carrying capacity of non wind breaker varied from 1.10 to 1.37 animal unit (AU) of cattle/ha/year.

Management of Phosphorus and Organic Matter on an Acid Soil in Jambi, Indonesia SANTOSO D; J. PURNOMO; I GEDE PUTU WIGENA; . SUKRISTIYONUBOWO; R.D.B LEFROY
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 18 (2000): Desember 2000
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n18.2000.%p

A field experiment was conducted at Pauh Menang village, Jambi province, to assess crop and soil response to P fertilization, compare inorganic and organic sources of P, and assess the interactions between these sources. The experiment employed an incomplete factorial combination of six levels of inorganic P (0, 19, 38, 57, 76 and 95 kg P ha-1 as SP-6), two organic matters (FYM and stylo), and lime, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The experiment was carried out over four seasons, from rainy season 1997/1998 until dry season 1999, however, the second crop failed due to severe drought. Under limed conditions, application of SP-36 at 38-kg P ha-1crop-1 increased soil P content. Repeated application of SP-36 resulted in accumulation of residual P and built up the P status of the soil well above 100 mg P kg-1 soil. The application of SP-36 in combination with OM, stylo or FYM, did not produce higher Colwell P contents in the soil compared with application of inorganic P alone. Grain yields of all corn crops increased significantly from about 0.5 to 3.5 t ha-1 with application of inorganic P at about 57 kg P ha-1. The amount of P fertilizer required to obtain 85% relative yield decreased from about 62 to 40 to 28 kg P ha-1 for crop 1 to crop 3 and to crop 4, providing evidence of the residual effect of P fertilization. The direct use of RP at 42.6 kg P ha-1crop-1 was less effective than the readily soluble inorganic SP-36 at 38 kg P ha-1 crop-1. Liming increased and maintained corn grain yields significantly. Application of OM as FYM or stylo in combination with SP-36 or RP did not resulted in synergistic interactions, with greater increases in yields. The introduction of an erect and fast growing stylo, Stylosanthes guyanensis cultivar CIAT 184, in the cropping system offers a good opportunity to improve fertility of acid soils. The high biomass yield of stylo, ranging from 0.8 to 4.9 t ha-1 per cutting, can be fed directly to cattle or sun-dried, ground and mixed with other materials to enrich feed concentrate. Widespread adoption of this legume would enhance cattle rearing, which in turn would produce more FYM as a source of organic P fertilizer .

Nutrient Balance and Economic Analyses of P Fertilization on an Acid Upland Soil in Sumatra DJOKO SANTOSO; I GEDE PUTU WIGENA; R.D.B LEFROY
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 19 (2001): Desember 2001
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n19.2001.%p

Soil and crop responses to P fertilization were assessed for seven seasons, from rainy season 1997/1998 until rainy season 2000/2001, in a field experiment at Pauh Menang village of Jambi province, Indonesia. An incomplete factorial combination of six levels of inorganic P (0, 19, 38, 57, 76 and 95 kg P ha-1 as SP-36), two sources organic matters (FYM and stylo), and lime, was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The soil in this site was very P deficient and application of 38 kg P ha-1 increased corn yields significantly from less than 1.0 to about 3.5 t ha-1 for the first four crops. The higher rates of applied P didn’t increase further corn yields, indicating that external P requirement was fulfilled. A build-up and maintenance rate of banded application of SP-36,that required in this soil was 38 and 19 kg P ha-1, respectively. Broadcast application for the entire topsoil layer in a plot or farmland would require considerably larger amount of P fertilizer for building up of P level than the banded application. The balances of P treatments were all positive and substantiated by the increasing Colwell P content of the soil with increasing rate of applied P. Although no apparent symptom of Zn deficiency was observed, the Zn content in plant leaf decreased with increasing rate of applied P. By assuming all labour costs as cash costs in conducting economic analyses to calculate the B/C ratios, in general only the SP-36 treatments gave beneficial returns. Although many of the B/C ratios were less than 1.0, the amount of total benefits that could be earned by farmers were considerably high because the total production costs included all labour costs.

Soil and Climate Characterization and Its Suitability for Nucleus Smallholder Oil Palm at Sei Pagar, Kampar District, Riau Province I GEDE PUTU WIGENA; . SUDRADJAT; SANTUN R.P SITORUS; H. SIREGAR
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 30 (2009): Desember 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n30.2009.%p

The management of nucleus smallholder oil palm after conversion is mostly improper with the promoted management practice, consequently oil palm yield decreases due to decreasing of land quality. For this reason, the study has been done to characterize land condition, to assess land suitability for oil palm and to correlate soil properties against oil palm yield. The study was conducted at Sei Pagar, Kampar District, Riau Province from January 2007 to March 2008. Soil erosion was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation, while land suitability was processed using Land Evaluation Technical Guidance for Agriculture Commodities, and correlation of soil properties to oil palm yield was calculated using Multiple Regression Analysis on SPSS Version 12.0. The study showed that climate conditions was favorable for oil palm growth and production, with annual rainfall 2,339 mm year-1, air temperature 26.04oC, and relative humidity 81.2%. Soil erosion varied from 1.322-3.423 t ha-1 year-1. The soils were dominated by Typic Haplosaprist and Terric Haplosaprist covering 8,641 ha with land suitability of S2-f (moderately suitable with nutrients retention as limitng factor). The other soil are Humic Dystrudepts and Typic Dystrudepts covering 587 ha with land suitability of S2-f,n (moderately suitable with nutrients retention and nutrient supply as limiting factors). The soil properties of Typic Haplosaprist and Terric Haplosaprist affected to oil palm yield are organic-C, nitrogen content, P2O5 content, and available-S. Meanwhile, on Humic Dystrudepts and Typic Dystrudepts, oil palm yield was affected by organic-C, nitrogen content, available-S, and aluminum content.

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