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Determination of Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) Levels and Organoleptic Tests in Coconut Pulp Flour Muh. F. Khaykal; Sri H. V. Pulukadang
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 10 No. 4 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Coconut pulp is a by-product of coconut milk which contains high protein and good nutrition. This study aimed to determine the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels in coconut pulp flour using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and determine the characteristics of coconut pulp flour using organoleptic tests. The results showed that iron (Fe) level was 44.075 mg/kg and zinc (Zn) was 24.2 mg /kg. The organoleptic characteristics of the pulp were white and brownish for the dry powder, coconut-scented, a powder-shaped texture, and normal taste. The highest percentage level of hedonic scale for each criterion was 64% preferred for color, 52% preferred for aroma, 48% preferred for texture, and 52% preferred for taste. Based on these results, coconut pulp can be an alternative local food to meet iron and zinc needs for humans. The processing of coconut pulp as food can be used as a substitute flour in making bread, cakes, cookies, and other food preparations.

Manufacture Indicator Paper for BSL or Small Bungur Extract (Lagerstroemia Indica L) as an Indicators Alternative of Acid-Base Sri H. V. Pulukadang; Magfira
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 11 No. 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2022.v11.i3.pp165-175

This study aims to utilize extracts of local cherry blossoms or small bungur (Lagerstroemia Indica L) in the manufacture of indicator paper as an alternative acid-base indicator. Local Cherry Blossoms were macerated with methanol for ± 2 hours. Extracts and indicator paper of local cherry blossoms were tested as indicators in an acid-base solution, the buffer was then compared with phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators for acid-base titration, namely strong acid and strong base, weak acid and strong base and weak base and strong acid. The results obtained in this study are: local cherry blossom extract is brownish yellow, in a strong acid it is pink, in a strong base it is dark green, in a weak acid it is pale pink and in a weak base it is light green. The indicator paper of local cherry blossom extract in strong acid is light pink, a strong base is yellow, a weak acid is pale pink, and a weak base is light green. In the buffer, the indicator paper of local cherry blossom extract has a pH range of 4-5 colors (pink-green), and 7-11 colors (yellow-green), the stability of the indicator paper from filter paper can maintain its color for 25 days. The type of acid-base titration that is suitable for the use of local cherry blossom extract indicators, precisely in the titration of strong acid-strong base and the weak acid-strong base is good to use as a substitute for phenolphthalein indicator, while in weak base-strong acid titration it is better to use as a substitute for methyl orange.

Determination of Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) Levels and Organoleptic Tests in Coconut Pulp Flour Muh. F. Khaykal; Sri H. V. Pulukadang
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 10 No. 4 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2021.v10.i4.pp269-276

Coconut pulp is a by-product of coconut milk which contains high protein and good nutrition. This study aimed to determine the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels in coconut pulp flour using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and determine the characteristics of coconut pulp flour using organoleptic tests. The results showed that iron (Fe) level was 44.075 mg/kg and zinc (Zn) was 24.2 mg /kg. The organoleptic characteristics of the pulp were white and brownish for the dry powder, coconut-scented, a powder-shaped texture, and normal taste. The highest percentage level of hedonic scale for each criterion was 64% preferred for color, 52% preferred for aroma, 48% preferred for texture, and 52% preferred for taste. Based on these results, coconut pulp can be an alternative local food to meet iron and zinc needs for humans. The processing of coconut pulp as food can be used as a substitute flour in making bread, cakes, cookies, and other food preparations.

Manufacture Indicator Paper for BSL or Small Bungur Extract (Lagerstroemia Indica L) as an Indicators Alternative of Acid-Base Sri H. V. Pulukadang; Magfira
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 11 No. 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2022.v11.i3.pp165-175

This study aims to utilize extracts of local cherry blossoms or small bungur (Lagerstroemia Indica L) in the manufacture of indicator paper as an alternative acid-base indicator. Local Cherry Blossoms were macerated with methanol for ± 2 hours. Extracts and indicator paper of local cherry blossoms were tested as indicators in an acid-base solution, the buffer was then compared with phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators for acid-base titration, namely strong acid and strong base, weak acid and strong base and weak base and strong acid. The results obtained in this study are: local cherry blossom extract is brownish yellow, in a strong acid it is pink, in a strong base it is dark green, in a weak acid it is pale pink and in a weak base it is light green. The indicator paper of local cherry blossom extract in strong acid is light pink, a strong base is yellow, a weak acid is pale pink, and a weak base is light green. In the buffer, the indicator paper of local cherry blossom extract has a pH range of 4-5 colors (pink-green), and 7-11 colors (yellow-green), the stability of the indicator paper from filter paper can maintain its color for 25 days. The type of acid-base titration that is suitable for the use of local cherry blossom extract indicators, precisely in the titration of strong acid-strong base and the weak acid-strong base is good to use as a substitute for phenolphthalein indicator, while in weak base-strong acid titration it is better to use as a substitute for methyl orange.

Determination of Essential Oil Yield from Extraction and Distillation in Lemon Peel (Citrus lemon) and Kaffir lime peel (Citrus hystrix) Ray F. D. H. Edi; Sri H. V. Pulukadang; Reny Reny
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 13 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2024.v13.i3.pp82-87

Essential oils are vegetable oils that give plants their distinctive aroma and contain essential ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield of essential oil of lemon peel and kaffir lime peel by extraction and distillation. The method used in distillation is simple distillation, and for extraction, it is maceration. The results showed that the water content of the lemon peel was 3.37%. For the kaffir lime peel, it was 2.72 % when compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), which was not appropriate because the water content had a value of 7 - 14 %. The yield of essential oil obtained from the distillation of lemon peel was 2.29 % and kaffir lime peel 1.02 %. The yield of essential oil obtained from the extraction of lemon peel was 1.07%, and kaffir lime peel was 1.32%. The identification test of the distilled essential oil did not show any stains on the filter paper, which indicated that the result obtained was essential oil. In contrast, the identification test of the extracted essential oil showed the presence of stains on the filter paper, which indicated that the results obtained were not essential oils. To determine the quality of the essential oil produced by characterizing the refractive index, color, and odor tests. The results obtained show that the refractive index for the distillation of lemon peel is 1.3381, and for kaffir lime peel is 1.4698. The refractive index for the extraction of lemon peels is 1.3812, and kaffir lime peels is 1.369. When compared with SNI 8028-1:2014, it is generally not appropriate because it has not reached 1.507, except that the distillation of kaffir lime peels meets the requirements of SNI, while the color and smell are in accordance with SNI.

Analysis of Bioaccumulation of Mercury (Hg) in Yuyu Crabs (Parathephusa Convexa) in The Janja River, Malomba Village, Dondo District, Tolitoli Regency Tri Santoso; Hasrudin Hasrudin; Sitti Aminah; Sri H. V. Pulukadang
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2025.v14.i1.pp8-12

The phenomenon of environmental damage due to unlicensed gold mining activities harms aquatic ecosystems. Mercury (Hg) waste from the mining process has the potential to cause bioaccumulation in aquatic biota such as fish and crabs, which can lead to mercury contamination in the human body through the food chain. The bioaccumulation process can also produce toxic organic compounds that harm human health. Therefore, this research aims to determine whether mercury bioaccumulation occurs in yuyu crabs in the Janja River, Malomba Village, Dondo District, Tolitoli Regency, due to gold mining activities. The method used in the research is the calibration curve method with Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (CV-AAS) analysis at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. The results obtained from this research indicate that bioaccumulation has occurred in yuyu crabs that live in the Janja River. The highest accumulated mercury metal levels were obtained at upstream locations with an average of 5.24 ppb; the lowest was in the midstream, which is 1.53 ppb. At the downstream location, it has a mercury concentration of 4.53 ppb. So it shows that the mercury contamination in the yuyu crab samples is below the quality standard threshold, Indonesian National Standard No. 7387 of 2009, for the heavy metal mercury in other types of crabs and crustaceans is 1.0 ppm or 1000 ppb.

Determination of Hydrolyzed Tannin Content in Cocoa Fruit Peel Waste of MCC 01 Clone, Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Yessika D. Mangela; Baharuddin Hamzah; Sitti Rahmawati; Sri H. V. Pulukadang
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2025.v14.i1.pp58-63

Cocoa Fruit Peel Waste MCC 01 Clone (Theobroma cacao L.) is a traditional medicinal plant with tannins that can be utilized as an anti-bacterial because it contains phenol groups and has antiseptic properties. This study aims to determine the type of tannin compound and the tannin content in cocoa fruit peel waste extract. The maceration method was used to extract the extract using 70% ethanol as a solvent. Qualitative test of tannin type was conducted using C2H4O2 10%, C2H3O2 10%, HCl, FeCl3, and KBr, while quantitative test was conducted using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 765 nm. The qualitative test results to determine the type of tannins obtained from cocoa fruit peel waste indicate that it contains hydrolyzed tannins. In the quantitative test, the average tannin content was 4.73 mg/g extract.

Nickel Extraction from Morowali Laterite Ore with Combination of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) and Nitric Acid (HNO3) Mujahida Mustari; Daud K. Walanda; Mery Napitupulu; Sri H. V. Pulukadang
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 13 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2024.v13.i4.pp113-117

Nickel is a very important metal. The nickel reserves in Indonesia are very large, but there is no dedicated process that uses only nickel ore as a raw material. The process of separating nickel from impurities is carried out by leaching with a sulfuric acid-nitric acid solution. The research design was developed using the Taguchi Larger-the-Better method to optimize nickel extraction. In the leaching stage, nickel is extracted from the ore by dissolving it in an acid medium. The variables examined in this study were the mixture ratio, temperature, and leaching time. The extracted filtrate was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results of the Taguchi analysis showed that the optimal conditions for the leaching process were obtained with a mixture ratio of 2:1, a temperature of 60 °C, and a leaching time of 12 hours, yielding a concentration of 10.559 ppm and a recovery of 2.49%.

The Extraction of Nickel from Morowali Laterite Ore with Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Yuliani Yuliani; Daud K. Walanda; Mery Napitupulu; Sri H. V. Pulukadang; Detris Poba
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 13 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2024.v13.i4.pp102-107

Efficient recovery of valuable minerals from waste materials requires optimizing key processing parameters to maximize extraction efficiency and resource utilization. This research was conducted to determine the optimal extraction conditions, which were influenced by sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, and leaching time. This study used the Taguchi method with 3 factors and 3 levels: the concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M; temperatures at 30 °C, 60 °C, and 95 °C; and leaching times of 3 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours. The optimum conditions obtained from the study were a temperature of 95 °C, a leaching time of 6 hours, and an acid concentration of 2 M, with an absorbance of 0.6820. These results indicate that the Taguchi method is an efficient and reliable approach for optimizing leaching parameters, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable mineral recovery from waste materials.

Protein Content and Organoleptic Test Central Sulawesi Pumpkin Seed Tempeh (Cucurbita moschata) for Learning Resource Raodatul Jannah; Tri Santoso; Sri H. V. Pulukadang; Dewi S. Ahmar
Jurnal Akademika Kimia Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2025.v14.i2.pp83-89

The yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) is a plant that readily adapts to diverse soil conditions; however, the utilization of its seeds remains restricted. Despite possessing a relatively high protein content crucial for growth and energy, it can serve as an alternative raw material for tempeh production. This study intends to generate yellow pumpkin seed tempeh in compliance with SNI 3144:2015 organoleptically, assess variations in the protein content of yellow pumpkin seed tempeh from three distinct regions in Central Sulawesi, and produce a Student Worksheet as an alternative resource for chemistry education through expert lecturer validation. This research employs a quantitative methodology utilizing the Kjeldahl analysis technique to ascertain protein concentrations across three phases: destruction, distillation, and titration. Furthermore, a sensory evaluation was conducted by 20 panelists to analyze the texture, color, flavor, and scent of yellow pumpkin seed tempeh. The resultant tempeh has favorable organoleptic properties, achieving an average preference score of 4, characterized by uniform white coloration, a distinctive tempeh aroma, and a dense texture. Protein content research revealed that tempeh from Palu City had the most significant protein concentration at 24.5 %, followed by Palolo District at 23.91 %, and North Lore District at 20.41 %, suggesting the impact of environmental factors on the nutritional composition of the manufactured tempeh. According to SNI 3144:2015, the visual characteristics of yellow pumpkin seed tempeh and its protein content conform to the established quality criteria. The findings of this study were presented as Student worksheets, which achieved a validity rate of 85 %, indicating its high suitability as a learning resource. This research enhances the application of yellow pumpkin seeds as a nutritious food source and fosters the creation of engaging and novel educational materials.

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